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Emollients and Emulsifiers Exert their Sensory Impact in Different Phases of the Sensory Evaluation Process but How Does One Demonstrate the Absence of such an Influence? / Johann W. Wiechers in IFSCC MAGAZINE, Vol. 5, N° 2 (04-05-06/2002)
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Titre : Emollients and Emulsifiers Exert their Sensory Impact in Different Phases of the Sensory Evaluation Process but How Does One Demonstrate the Absence of such an Influence? Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Johann W. Wiechers, Auteur ; Marie-Claire Taelman, Auteur ; Vincent A. L. Wortel, Auteur ; Cock Verboom, Auteur ; J. Chris Dederen, Auteur Année de publication : 2002 Article en page(s) : p. 99-105 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Tags : 'Skin sensory research' Emulsifier 'Cosmetic ingredient' Formulations 'Principal component analysis' Index. décimale : 668.5 Parfums et cosmétiques Résumé : Whereas most experimental procedures in science are typically geared to show the presence or existence of objects or phenomena, showing the lack of presence, i.e. absence, of something is a lot more complicated, in particular if it cannot be seen. In order to demonstrate that a new emulsifier system did not impact the skin feel of a formulation in which it was incorporated, various formulations only differing in the emulsifier were made and their skin feel was compared using descriptive analysis. Paired comparisons were used to maximize the chance of measuring a difference. Clear differences were detected between the formulations in the early phases of the sensory evaluation process, demonstrating that emulsifiers in general do contribute to skin feel and to different degrees. The only remaining question was "what is no influence?"
Therefore, the formulations were compared with the neat oils, but the differences were found to be dramatic for all comparisons. When comparing formulations that only differed in their emollients, it could be shown that the formulations containing the new emulsifier were able to maintain small differences in skin feel that were also obsrved for the neat oils whereas the other emulsifier systems failed to maintain these differences or introduced new ones. The results also clearly demonstreted that while emulsifiers affect the skin feel in the early phases of sensory evaluation (appearance, pick-up and run-out), emollients exert their sensory impact predominantly during the after-feel of a cosmetic formulation.
It was conclued that despite the practical experience that the new emulsifier did not contribute to skin feel, it is impossible to show this due to the lack of a true reference that represents no skin effect.Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=10652
in IFSCC MAGAZINE > Vol. 5, N° 2 (04-05-06/2002) . - p. 99-105[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 003874 - Périodique Bibliothèque principale Documentaires Disponible Evidence for the existence of a body-brain connection for skin moisturization / Johann W. Wiechers in IFSCC MAGAZINE, Vol. 10, N° 3 (07-08-09/2007)
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Titre : Evidence for the existence of a body-brain connection for skin moisturization Type de document : document électronique Auteurs : Johann W. Wiechers, Auteur ; Anthony Vincent Rawlings, Auteur ; Wei G. Hansen, Auteur Année de publication : 2007 Article en page(s) : p. 209-213 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Estrogènes Les œstrogènes constituent un groupe de stéroïdes, dont la fonction, à l'état naturel, est d'être une hormone sexuelle femelle primaire. Ils sont produits en premier lieu par le développement des follicules des ovaires, le corps jaune (corpus luteum) et le placenta. Certains œstrogènes sont également produits en petites quantités par d'autres tissus tels le foie, la surrénale, les seins et le tissu adipeux. Ces sources secondaires d'œstrogènes sont particulièrement importantes chez les femmes lors de la post-ménopause.
Les trois œstrogènes naturels sont l'estradiol, l'estriol et l'estrone. Dans le corps, ils sont tous produits au départ d'androgènes sous l'effet d'enzymes. L'estradiol est produit à partir de la testostérone et l'estrone à partir de l'androstènedione. L'estrone est beaucoup moins puissante que l'estradiol, et chez les femmes en post-ménopause, on trouve plus d'estrone que d'estradiol.
Bien que les œstrogènes soient présents dans les deux sexes, on en trouve une quantité significativement plus importante chez les femmes que chez les hommes. Elles favorisent le développement des caractères sexuels secondaires, comme les seins, et sont également impliquées dans le contrôle du cycle menstruel, ce qui explique pourquoi la plupart des contraceptifs hormonaux comme les pilules contraceptives en contiennent.
L'usage d'œstrogènes, en particulier s'ils ne sont pas associés à la progestérone, est un traitement (traitement hormonal substitutif) controversé des symptômes de la ménopause.
En plus de leur rôle dans la reproduction, féminine mais aussi masculine, les œstrogènes sont impliqués dans le développement du système nerveux central, dans l'homéostasie du squelette et du système cardio-vasculaire. Ils ont également des effets sur le foie et le tissu adipeux.
Grossesse
Peau -- Physiologie
Peau -- Soins et hygiène
Produits hydratants
Spectrométrie infrarouge
Tabac -- Effets physiologiques
Testostérone
Vieillissement cutanéTags : Relation corps-cerveau Hydratation peau Index. décimale : 668.5 Parfums et cosmétiques Résumé : Maintenance of the right water levels in the skin is of crucial importance to maintain healthy, young-looking skin. Moisturizing products have therefore aimed to influence the constitutive levels of natural moisturizer factor (NMF) and/or the formation of the skin lipid barrier. In humans, keratinocyte differentiation is influenced by sex hormones, in particular positively by estrogen and negatively by testosterone. It has been noted that postmenopausal women experience a decline in estrogen levels and a concomitant drop in skin moisturization. In our previous near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy work on human skin, we noted that skin moisturization was influenced by gender, age, psychological stress and lifestyle habits such as alcohol consumption and smoking. Many of these also affect the level of sex hormones. We therefore re-evaluated NIR spectra from which we had already assessed the levels of skin moisturization in human volunteers to determine their levels of estrogen and testosterone non-invasively. We subsequently built mathematical models to link skin moisture content to the levels of these sex hormones. In this way, we were able to establish the importance of sex hormones in skin moisturization. In men, skin moisturization levels are linked to their estrogen levels, whereas in females, skin moisturization levels are linked to both estrogen and testosterone concentrations. From the medical literature, it is known that smoking is associated with increased testosterone and reduced estrogen levels, which suggests that people that smoke are characterized by less hydrated skin as well as by increased testosterone levels. On the other hand, pregnant females that have significantly elevated estrogen to progesterone ratios, i.e. their increase in estrogen level exceeds their increase in testosterone levels, also often remark that their skin is well hydrated, confirming the link between sex hormone levels and skin moisturization. For them, we found a good correlation coefficient for skin moisturization levels and their estrogen to testosterone ratio.
This work does not, however, answer question of a cause-and-effect relationship between the two. Increased levels of estrogen can either directly increase skin moisture levels or do so via a positive effect on skin barrier formation. It does, however, reveal once again the existence of a connection between our body (the skin) and our brain. Synthesis of sex hormones is regulated via the pituitary gland in our brain and it can therefore be argued that skin moisturization is directly or indirectly regulated via our brain. As many other factors like smoking and alcohol consumption actually influence estrogen levels in our blood, the influence of our brain on maintaining a skin moisture homeostasis may actually be much more pronounced than hitherto assumed.Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=3795
in IFSCC MAGAZINE > Vol. 10, N° 3 (07-08-09/2007) . - p. 209-213[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 008242 - Périodique Bibliothèque principale Documentaires Disponible Factors influencing skin moisturization signal using near-infrared spectroscopy / Johann W. Wiechers in IFSCC MAGAZINE, Vol. 6, N° 1 (01-02-03/2003)
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Titre : Factors influencing skin moisturization signal using near-infrared spectroscopy Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Johann W. Wiechers, Auteur ; Marchel Snieder, Auteur ; Nico A. G. Dekker, Auteur ; Wei G. Hansen, Auteur Année de publication : 2003 Article en page(s) : p. 19-26 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Cosmétiques
Hygrométrie
Peau -- Anatomie et histologie
Peau -- Physiologie
Peau -- Soins et hygiène
Produits hydratants
Spectroscopie infrarouge procheIndex. décimale : 668.5 Parfums et cosmétiques Résumé : The effectiveness of skin moisturizers can be measured by electrical and spectroscopic methods. We explored the benefits of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for the investigation of skin moisturization. This technique provides information on the interaction of water molecules with its surrounding structures and has been used to identify whether the water is freely moving, loosely or tightly bound.
We first assessed the penetration depth of NIR radiation and found it to go as deep as the dermis. Using second-derivative spectra, the presence of the various water peaks, representing the different forms of water were identified and we derived a "total water" parameter from this. We used this parameter to study the influence of anatomical site, gender and age volunteer, emotional status of the subject and effect of smoking and relative humidity on the occurrence, abundance and type of water.
The anatomical site certainly contributed to the overall variability in signal, as did gender, age and smoking. Care had to be taken near blood vessels as blood components could interfere with the signal, as well as the location of the measuring spot. Whereas the gender of volunteers could be easily detected in a spectrum, possibly based on the sex hormones in their blood, we also noted that females had more water in their skin than males. As with superficial water, the deeper water content decreased with age. Smoking also negatively influenced the water content of the skin: smoking aged the skin by about 15 years in terms of its water content.
We conclude that NIR is an interesting new technology that may yield more fundamental insight into the process of skin moisturization, especially when combined with other techniques. However, volunteers need to be very carefully selected, as without this, differences between subjects will obscure the effects of moisturizing ingredients.Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=10612
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 003878 - Périodique Bibliothèque principale Documentaires Disponible Formulating for efficacy / Johann W. Wiechers in INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE, Vol. 26, N° 4 (08/2004)
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Titre : Formulating for efficacy Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Johann W. Wiechers, Auteur ; J. Chris Dederen, Auteur ; T. G. Blease, Auteur ; C. L. Kelly, Auteur Année de publication : 2004 Article en page(s) : p. 173-182 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Tags : Active ingredients Delivery system Emollient selection Formulation design Octanol/water partition coefficient Relative Polarity Index Skin distribution profiles Index. décimale : 668.5 Parfums et cosmétiques Résumé : Les ingrédients cosmétiques actifs sont présents depuis longtemps mais ont-ils conduit, pour autant, à des produits cosmétiques actifs? Afin d'obtenir cela, le dit actif doit être amené à la bonne localisation, à la bonne concentration pour une période de temps adéquate. Et la teneur (donc la concentration) de cet apport dépend de la formulation. A partir d'une approche plutôt théorique basée sur la polarité de l'ingrédient actif, du stratum corneum, de la phase huileuse, l'Index de Polarité Relative peut être établi, autorisant ensuite la sélection d'un émollient adapté afin d'assurer la pénétration cutanée de l'actif. Des exemples pratiques illustrent en conséquence la validité de cette approche qui démontre que l'on peut moduler l'apport d'une molécule active (et ainsi l'efficacité de la formulation cosmétique) par la sélection et le contrôle du système émollient. Les formulations cosmétiques sont en général des mélanges tout à fait complexes et les expériences suivantes effectuées avec des systèmes émulsifiants différents ont montré que ce composant de la formulation cosmétique peut aussi avoir un impact sur la conduite de l'actif vers la couche cutanée adéquate, bien qu'il soit encore prématuré, à partir de ces résultats, de pouvoir en faire une règle générale. DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-2494.2004.00211.x En ligne : https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-2494.2004.00211.x Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=4703
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 004005 - Périodique Bibliothèque principale Documentaires Disponible Formulating for efficacy / Johann W. Wiechers in IFSCC MAGAZINE, Vol. 7, N° 1 (01-02-03/2004)
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Titre : Formulating for efficacy Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Johann W. Wiechers, Auteur ; Caroline L. Kelly, Auteur ; Trevor G. Blease, Auteur ; J. Chris Dederen, Auteur Année de publication : 2004 Article en page(s) : p. 13-20 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Tags : 'Ingredients actifs' 'Profils de distribution peau' 'Sélection d'émollients' 'Index relatif polarité' 'Système livraison' 'Conception formulation' 'Coefficient cloison d'octanol/eau' Index. décimale : 668.5 Parfums et cosmétiques Résumé : Active ingredients have been around in cosmetics for a long time but have they really resulted in active cosmetic products? In order to achieve this, the right ingredient needs to be delivered to the right location at the right concentration for the correct period of time and the extent (and therefore the concentration) of this delivery depends on the formulation.
From a rather theoretical approach based on the polarity of the active ingredient, the stratum corneum and the oil phase, the relative polarity index was established that enables the selection of a suitable emollient for ensuring skin penetration of the active ingredient. Practical examples subsequently show the validity of this approach that demonstrates that one can regulate the delivery of an active molecule (and therefore the efficacy of a cosmetic formulation) by selection and control of the emollient system. Cosmetic formulations are generally quite complex mixtures and subsequent experiments using different emulsifier systems indicated that this component of a cosmetic formulation could also have an impact on steering the active ingredient to the right layer of the skin, although it is too early to be able to derive general rules from this.Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=10541
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 003882 - Périodique Bibliothèque principale Documentaires Disponible Formulating for fast efficacy : influence of liquid crystalline emulsion structure on the skin delivery of active ingredients / Johann W. Wiechers in IFSCC MAGAZINE, Vol. 9, N° 1 (01-02-03/2006)
PermalinkFormulation effects of topical emulsions on transdermal and dermal delivery / A. Otto in INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE, Vol. 31, N° 1 (02/2009)
PermalinkMolecular modeling of personal care ingredients to create specific skin sensory characteristics / Johann W. Wiechers in IFSCC MAGAZINE, Vol. 4, N° 3 (07-08-09/2001)
PermalinkA new mechanism of action for skin whitening agents: binding to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor / Johann W. Wiechers in INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE, Vol. 27, N° 2 (04/2005)
PermalinkPredicting skin penetration of actives from complex cosmetic formulations : an evaluation of inter formulation and inter active effects during formulation optimization for transdermal delivery / Johann W. Wiechers in INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE, Vol. 34, N° 6 (12/2012)
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