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Comparison of dry cleaning test methods / A. W. Landmann in JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC), Vol. 63, N° 6 (11-12/1979)
[article]
Titre : Comparison of dry cleaning test methods Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : A. W. Landmann, Auteur Année de publication : 1979 Article en page(s) : p. 109-113 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Cuir -- Nettoyage
Essais (technologie)
Nettoyage à secIndex. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : There is an increasing tendency to specify the performance of leather. For clothing leather, its behaviour to dry cleaning is an essential property and poor performance is probably the greatest source of consumer complainte. The original UK method for testing leather was based on tumbling with solvent using conditions recommended by Davis and Nursten. Experience with this procedure in the textile industry showed poor correlation with actual dry cleaning and the method was modified by the addition of steel discs. This procedure was subsequently adopted by the textile industry and forms the basis of both ISO and BSI procedures ; it has also been adopted by the SLTC as method SLF 12.5 However, it does not involve detergents and its main drawback so far as leather is concerned is that no re-oiling is involved. This means that the test gives rather worse ratings for leather because removal of oil in the test causes an optical loss of colour which in commercial dry cleaning is restored by addition of oil to a rinse bath or applied as a subsequent spray.
On the Continent, alternative methods have been developed in Germany and Switzerland specifically for leather. The IULTCS Fastness Tests Commission (IEKL) is now considering which of these methods to adopt. Both German and Swiss methods involve detergent addition and some form of oil replacement. In order to provide some factual comparative evidencq, this comparison of methods and some variations in procedure were undertaken so that the IEKL would have a reasonable basis on which to come to a decision. The present position where specifications are based on different methods is clearly unsatisfactory.
Area change after simulated dry cleaning tests has not been incorporated in the SLTC methods, but is referred to in German publications. In this work dimensional changes have been reported on leather conditioned at 20°C, 65 % r.h. initially and after drying. This procedure will tend to maximise recorded shrinkage in tests where solvent is removed at 60°c subject to hysteresis effects.Note de contenu : - EXPERIMENTAL : Grain, change of pattern - Flesh side - Change in pattern - Staining of fabric - Area shrinkage
- CONCLUSIONS : Suggestions for a leather dry cleaning test
- TABLE 1 : Average performance of leathers subjected to seve laboratory cleaning tests (high numbers = good performance)
- TABLE 2 : Cumulative frequency of grey scale ratings (% samples achieving grade or better) after cleaning. Colour change on the grain surface
- TABLE 3 : Percentage cumulative frequency of grey scale ratings (% samples achieving grade or better) after cleaning on the flesh side (suede)
- Table 4 : Percentage cumulative frequency of change in sample area after cleaning (% samples)
- Appendix 1 : Methods of dry cleaning
- Appendix 2 : The effect of cleaning on colour (grain/flesh
- Appendix 3 : The effect of cleaning test on colour of cotton bagEn ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ufd7vZiWSHnLk-vaW9vICZP_uYkKaBYw/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=34134
in JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC) > Vol. 63, N° 6 (11-12/1979) . - p. 109-113[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 007123 - Périodique Bibliothèque principale Documentaires Disponible Comparison of test methods estimating the stiffness of ultrathin coatings / Marcus Vinicius Tavares da Costa in JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH, Vol. 15, N° 4 (07/2018)
[article]
Titre : Comparison of test methods estimating the stiffness of ultrathin coatings Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Marcus Vinicius Tavares da Costa, Auteur ; Cristian Neagu, Auteur ; Pierre Fayet, Auteur ; Urban Wiklund, Auteur ; Hu Li, Auteur ; Klaus Leifer, Auteur ; E. Kristofer Gamstedt, Auteur Année de publication : 2018 Article en page(s) : p. 743-752 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Américain (ame) Catégories : Couches minces
Elasticité
Essais (technologie)
Essais dynamiques
Etudes comparatives
Matériaux -- Propriétés barrières
Nanoindentation
Nanotechnologie
Polymères
Revêtements
Revêtements -- Propriétés mécaniquesIndex. décimale : 667.9 Revêtements et enduits Résumé : A key engineering parameter of thin coatings is their stiffness. Stiffness characterization of ultrathin coatings with a nanometer scale thickness is experimentally challenging. In this work, three feasible methods have been used to estimate the Young’s modulus of metal coatings on polymer films. The methods are: (1) nanoindentation, (2) strain-induced elastic buckling and (3) peak-force measurements integrated in atomic force microscopy. The samples were prepared by atomic layer deposition of TiO2 (6 and 20 nm thick) and mixed oxides of TiO2 and Al2O3 (4 and 20 nm thick). The differences in estimated Young’s modulus are interpreted in terms of the underlying assumptions and test conditions. Their specific advantages and drawbacks are also compared and discussed. In particular, the nanoindentation necessitates a sufficiently sharp indenter tip to make localized measurements dominated by the coating. The strain-induced elastic buckling method is simple in practice, but showed a large scatter due to variation in local coating thickness and irregular deformation patterns. The stiffness characterization using atomic force microscopy gave the most consistent results, due to a sharp tip with a radius comparable to the thinnest coating thickness. All methods gave a higher Young’s modulus for the TiO2 coating than for the mixed oxide coating, with a variation within one order of magnitude between the methods. Note de contenu : - MATERIALS AND METHODS : Samples - Tensile testing - Nanoindentation - Strain-induced elastic buckling instability for mechanical measurement - AFM peak-force measurements
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION : Tensile testing - Nanoindentation - SIEBIMM - AFM peak-force measurement - Comparison of results
- CONCLUDING REMARKS
- APPENDIX A : EFFECTS OF THE CONDUCTIVE LAYER IN THE BARRIER COATING PROPERTIESDOI : 10.1007/s11998-018-0085-0 En ligne : https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs11998-018-0085-0.pdf Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=30852
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 20078 - Périodique Bibliothèque principale Documentaires Disponible Comparison of the inhibition efficiency of natural and synthetic phenolic antioxidants on Cr(VI) formation / Alper Kilikli in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. CXII, N° 3 (03/2017)
[article]
Titre : Comparison of the inhibition efficiency of natural and synthetic phenolic antioxidants on Cr(VI) formation Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Alper Kilikli, Auteur ; Francina Izquierdo, Auteur ; Ivo Reetz, Auteur Année de publication : 2017 Article en page(s) : p. 81-87 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Américain (ame) Catégories : Antioxydants
Chrome hexavalent
Emulsions
Essais (technologie)
Huiles et graisses de poissons
Oxydation
Phénoliques, AcidesUn acide-phénol (ou acide phénolique) est un composé organique possédant au moins une fonction carboxylique et un hydroxyle phénolique. La pratique courante en phytochimie consiste à réserver ce terme aux dérivés de l’acide benzoïque et de l’acide cinnamique.
Les acides hydroxybenzoïques dérivent par hydroxylation de l’acide benzoïque avec une structure de base de type C6-C1. Ces hydroxyles phénoliques OH peuvent ensuite être méthylés.
Exemples : l'acide gallique, élément constitutif des tanins hydroxylables et l'acide vanillique dont l'aldéhyde, la vanilline, est bien connue comme l'arôme naturel de vanille.
Les dérivés de l'acide cinnamique, les acides hydroxycinnamiques ont une structure de base de type C6-C3. Ils appartiennent à la grande famille des phénylpropanoïdes. Les hydroxyles phénoliques OH de ces dérivés peuvent aussi être méthylés (-O-CH3).
Exemples : l'acide paracoumarique, dont les lactones, les coumarines, sont largement distribuées dans tout le règne végétal, l'acide caféique, très large représentation chez les végétaux, souvent sous forme de l'acide chlorogénique (ester avec l'acide quinique), comme dans le grain de café, la pomme ou sous forme d'acide 1,3-dicaféylquinique (cynarine) dans l'artichaut et d'acide rosmarinique dans le romarin et le thé de Java (orthosiphon), l'acide férulique et l'acide sinapique.
Dans les plantes, ces acides-phénols sont souvent sous forme d'esters d'alcools aliphatiques ou d'esters de l'acide quinique, de l'acide rosmarinique ou de glycosides.
Phénols
Tara et constituantsC'est un petit arbre épineux avec des gousses plates rouge qui pousse dans les zones sèches du Pérou, Amérique du Sud.Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : Gallic acid, gallic acid esters with various chain lengths, tara and tara hydrolysates are compared with one commercially successful synthetic phenolic antioxidant in various protocols for antioxidant testing, and regarding their capability to reduce the proneness to Cr(VI) formation in leather. The results are discussed in light of the Polar Paradox Theory and the possible interaction of the antioxidants with components in the leather matrix. The aim of these investigations is an optimum prevention of Cr(VI) formation in leather. Note de contenu : - EXPERIMENTAL : Materials - Methods : Hydrolyzation of tara - Total phenolic - Hydrolysis degree - 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging measurements - Oxidation experiments in fish oil and fish oil emulsions - Results of antioxidant trials - Leather trial - Cr(VI) measurement in leather - Heat yellowing - Phenolic content - DPPH radical scavening - Assessment of reduction of Cr(VI) formation in leather En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lcmZPHDOg4rflxD4EE8fpqYdB0NNtlJt/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=27979
in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA) > Vol. CXII, N° 3 (03/2017) . - p. 81-87[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 18734 - Périodique Bibliothèque principale Documentaires Disponible Compatibility testing of cosmetics and toiletries for babies and children / Alexandra Erlach in SOFW JOURNAL, Vol. 144, N° 9 (09/2018)
[article]
Titre : Compatibility testing of cosmetics and toiletries for babies and children Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Alexandra Erlach, Auteur ; Gunja Springmann, Auteur ; Melanie Renner, Auteur ; Klaus-Peter Wilhelm Année de publication : 2018 Article en page(s) : p. 40-47 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Cosmétiques pour enfants
Cosmétiques pour nourrissons
Essais (technologie)
Evaluation
Produits de toilette
Sécurité des produits de consommation
Tests de compatibilitéIndex. décimale : 668.5 Parfums et cosmétiques Résumé : All cosmetic products must be safe, especially those intended for babies and small children. Besides national guidelines and regulations, cosmetic products in the European Union are regulated by the EU Cosmetic Products Regulation. It pays particular attention to protecting the health of vulnerable population groups and recommends a specific assessment for cosmetic products intended for use on children under the age of three years. Nevertheless, standard procedures for the evaluation of the local tolerance are not given. Due to practical and ethical reasons clinical studies on adults should be a first step of compatibility testing. To consider physiological differences notably a not yet fully developed barrier function during the first years of life, barrier function of adult skin can be intentionally compromised by gentle experimental standardized procedures prior product application. As an alternative and depending on the objective target, only pre-screened sensitive subjects are included in the investigation. After extensive pre-examination and testing in adults, tolerance and performance of the final product can also be confirmed with non-incriminating observational studies under normal in-use conditions in children under physician control. Note de contenu : - PHYSIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES AND CONSEQUENCES
- REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
- SAFETY EVALUATION OF COSMETICS FOR CHILDRES : Systemic tolerability - Microbiological specifications - Local tolerability
- TEST STRATEGIES - POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITATIONS : Clinical studies on adults - In-use studies on babies and children
- TABLES : 1. SSA/BW ratio for children fro 0 to 10 years (Renwick 1998) - 2. Test designs for different investigations and product classesEn ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1nwAL3xyDyTPxUPNFT4olzc0cyNDDu9-E/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=30958
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 20161 - Périodique Bibliothèque principale Documentaires Disponible Composite materials / Stephen W. Tsai in JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE, N° 95 (03/2015)
[article]
Titre : Composite materials : unlocking mystery with invariants Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Stephen W. Tsai, Auteur ; José Daniel D. Melo, Auteur Année de publication : 2015 Article en page(s) : p. 71-73 Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Calcul
Composites à fibres de carbone -- Propriétés mécaniques
Essais (technologie)
Fibres à orientation unidirectionnelle
Mesure
Stratifiés -- Propriétés mécaniquesIndex. décimale : 668.4 Plastiques, vinyles Résumé : A common, understandable invariant-based framework has been discovered that can rate all CFRPs and their processes, simplify design and testing, and lower the barrier of acceptance. Note de contenu : - Tab. 1 : Traces-normalized longitudinal elastic modulus E1 for various CFRP laminates
- Fig. 1 : Omni strain LPF envelopes for various CFRP based on Tsai-Wu (blue) and Max strain failure criteria (maroon)
- Fig. 2 : One omni strain-space Tsai-Wu evenlope for T700/2510 can represent multiple stress-space envelopesPermalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=23789
in JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE > N° 95 (03/2015) . - p. 71-73[article]Réservation
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