Comparative physical properties of leather from young bull hides and steerhides / E. H. Bitcover in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. LXIX (Année 1974)  

[article]  inJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA) > Vol. LXIX (Année 1974) . - p. 508-522 Titre : Comparative physical properties of leather from young bull hides and steerhides Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : E. H. Bitcover, Auteur ; A. L. Everett, Auteur ; W. E. Palm, Auteur ; W. Windust, Auteur ; J. Naghski, Auteur Année de publication : 1974 Article en page(s) : p. 508-522 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Américain (ame) Catégories : Boeufs domestiques Croûte (cuir) On entend par "cuir en croûte" des cuirs ayant subi les opérations jusqu'au tannage, à l'exclusion de toute opération de corroyage ou de finissage, mais qui, par opposition aux wet-blue ont été séchés. Cuirs et peaux -- Propriétés mécaniques Cuirs et peaux -- Propriétés physiques Cuirs et peaux de bovins Etudes comparatives Taurillon Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : The potential economic advantage of raising young bulls for beef may soon result in a significant increase in the proportional numbers of such hides on the market. A detailed study was therefore undertaken to indicate whether any important differences in leather properties might be expected from this new material compared with conventional steerhides. A total of 38 bull sides and 30 steer sides in the crust were evaluated by means of five different test procedures at each of 12 anatomical locations. The buil sides were found to be significantly stronger by every test except the experimental penetrometer test, which showed no real difference. Distribution of strength by location was essentially similar in all cases. Sorting of finished sides revealed a trend towards visible neck wrinkles in the bull hide leather. Since the experimental hides came from an inbred line of Hereford cattle, the incidence of the vertical fiber defect, which is thought to be genetically controlled, was of special concern. Six hides from bulls and vine from steers were definitely defective and were excluded from the strength comparisons. This is the first known report of the defect in bulls. Note de contenu : - EXPERIMENTAL : Hide source - Leather processing - Physical testing - Statistical analysis - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION : Sorting characteristics - Physcal properties - Statistical interpretation - Strength distribution - Incidence of vertical fiber defect En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bkc85ko90spJ5qJbgKN8w095Ic9eJkVk/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=41373 [article]

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008508	-	Périodique	Archives	Documentaires	Exclu du prêt

Correlation of chrome and fat content with leather strength / E. H. Bitcover in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. LXXIII (Année 1978)  

[article]  inJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA) > Vol. LXXIII (Année 1978) . - p. 121-125 Titre : Correlation of chrome and fat content with leather strength Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : E. H. Bitcover, Auteur ; A. L. Everett, Auteur Année de publication : 1978 Article en page(s) : p. 121-125 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Américain (ame) Catégories : Croûte (cuir) On entend par "cuir en croûte" des cuirs ayant subi les opérations jusqu'au tannage, à l'exclusion de toute opération de corroyage ou de finissage, mais qui, par opposition aux wet-blue ont été séchés. Cuir -- teneur en chrome Cuirs et peaux -- Propriétés physiques Cuirs et peaux -- Teneur en matières grasses Cuirs et peaux de bovins Index. décimale : 675.2 Préparation du cuir naturel. Tannage Résumé : In a previous study a variety of physical properties and sorting character-istics of combat boot leathers made from comparable bullhides and steerhides were closely compared. The cattle involved had similar genetic and management backgrounds as well as similar ages and slaughter weights. That study anticipated a possible trend towards raising young bulls for beef because of potential economic advantages. Results of the study indicated that leather from bullhide was significantly stronger by a number of standard tests than leather from steer-hide. Since the leathers had been processed in three different tannery lots, there was latex some question as to whether this had produced differences in chemical composition which could result in differences in physical properties. Note de contenu : - Table 1 : Average chemical composition of crust leathers (percent) - Table 2 : Average physical test results for crust leathers - Table 3 : Correlation of physical test results with chrome and fat content of 39 crust sides En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1t4ffoRfjm_dOE5pXSaxVgV8bDBGFBZB3/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=41148 [article]

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011628	-	Périodique	Bibliothèque principale	Documentaires	Exclu du prêt

Effects of some important ectoparasites on the grain quality of cattlehide leather / A. L. Everett in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. LXXII (Année 1977)  

[article]  inJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA) > Vol. LXXII (Année 1977) . - p. 6-24 Titre : Effects of some important ectoparasites on the grain quality of cattlehide leather Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : A. L. Everett, Auteur ; R. W. Miller, Auteur ; W. J. Gladney, Auteur ; Mary V. Hannigan, Auteur Année de publication : 1977 Article en page(s) : p. 6-24 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Américain (ame) Catégories : Acariens Cuirs et peaux -- Défauts Cuirs et peaux de bovins Démodécie Ectoparasites Evaluation Mouches Parasitoses Poux Taons Tiques Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : Hides and leather from 23 cattle exposed to massive infestations of bloodsucking external parasites were evaluated for grain damage in a co-operative series of tests over an eight-year period. In tests under controlled conditions, horn flies, and two species of mosquitoes caused no significant damage to leather grain ; four species of hard ticks caused severe damage in every case, with no apparent differences among the species. Damage from the lone star tick is illustrated at different healing stages. In tests of cattle exposed to severe infestations of parasites under natural conditions, the shortnosed cattle louse caused no significant grain damage inleather ; horse flies and deer flies caused slight but consistent, and possibly significant, damage ; and incidentally occuring demodectic mites caused moderate to severe damage to some of the hides. The detailed nature of the damage is illustrated. Investigation of the mite infestations provided useful information on the transmission of demodectic (follicular) mange, or demodicosis. Note de contenu : - EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES : Test organisms - Test cattle - Test hides - Fly andmosquito test - Louse test - Tick test - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION : Effects of flies, mosquitoes, and lice - Effect of demodectic mites - Effects of ticks - Table 1 : Identification of ectoparasites tested on cattle - Table 2 : Treatments applied to cattle in four separate tests - Table 3 : Biting flies counted on test steers - Table 4 : Deer and horse flies trapped at remote pasture in 1973 - Table 5 : Evaluation of hide and leather damage from ectoparasites En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cduH7h7Bdt4FIMzI62TxgBqsZrmaRmZz/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=38254 [article]

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008511	-	Périodique	Archives	Documentaires	Exclu du prêt

Hide puller damage and the vertical fiber defect / A. L. Everett in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. LXXIII (Année 1978)  

[article]  inJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA) > Vol. LXXIII (Année 1978) . - p. 537-542 Titre : Hide puller damage and the vertical fiber defect Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : A. L. Everett, Auteur ; David G. Bailey, Auteur ; Mary V. Hannigan, Auteur Année de publication : 1978 Article en page(s) : p. 537-542 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Américain (ame) Catégories : Analyse de dommages (matériaux) Peaux brutes -- Détérioration Peaux brutes -- Extraction -- Appareils et matériels Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : One of the many ways of increasing efeciency in the meat packing industry has been the substitution of hide pulling machines for the old method of hand flaying with knives. Several distinctly different types of machines and procedures have been developed for bide removal. It was estimated in 1972 that 75 percent of United States hides were removed with pullers. This has resulted in a general improvement in hide quality due to a significant decrease in hutcher cuts. However, this procedure, especially with the newer "clown puller," can exert so much force that it could cause considerable grain-crack damage at various hide locations. This damage ("grain break") was described and illustrated in a pamphlet issued by the Tanners' Hide Bureau in 1972. Tancous also pointed out that, while hide pulling machines greatly reduced the damage from flay cuts, they may introduce new damage from grain cracks. Proper handling and adjustment of machines have been shown to minimize this problem. Some packers and hide dealers feel that hides identified as Hereford hy their hair color may be the most troublesome in this respect. If so, then perhaps the weakness caused by the vertical liber defect, which occurs most frequently in these Hereford-type hides, may be responsible. A packer with this thought in mind offered to cooperate with us to obtain further information. Note de contenu : - Table 1 : Defective sides : puller damage and leather strength - Table 2 : Normal sides : puller damage and leather strength - Table 3 : Leather from selected hides : puller damage and defect En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uU6sW3_aUHT6N7rrsuowqYWmNsu30awB/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=41166 [article]

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011628	-	Périodique	Bibliothèque principale	Documentaires	Exclu du prêt

Influence of animal factors and processing treatments on grain layer and total thickness of cattlehides / A. L. Everett in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. LXXIII (Année 1978)  

[article]  inJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA) > Vol. LXXIII (Année 1978) . - p. 207-221 Titre : Influence of animal factors and processing treatments on grain layer and total thickness of cattlehides Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : A. L. Everett, Auteur ; Mary V. Hannigan, Auteur Année de publication : 1978 Article en page(s) : p. 207-221 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Américain (ame) Catégories : Croûte (cuir) On entend par "cuir en croûte" des cuirs ayant subi les opérations jusqu'au tannage, à l'exclusion de toute opération de corroyage ou de finissage, mais qui, par opposition aux wet-blue ont été séchés. Cuirs et peaux -- Epaisseur Cuirs et peaux de bovins Peau -- Histologie Wet-blue (tannage) Peau tannée au chrome (le chrome donne une couleur bleue) Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : Differences in physical structure between the grain (papillary) and corium (reticular) layers of cattlehides, and especially their final thickness ratio, have important effects on the physical properties of leather. Tanners need more data on the extent of variability of grain layer thickness in rawstock from different sources. The effects of cattle breed, sex, and age on 221 fresh hide biopsy samples from known sources and the effect of body location in seven identified hides were evaluated. While total thickness varied considerably with all factors, depth of grain layer increased very gradually with age and was essentially constant (1.5 to 2.0 mm) after one year. Breed and sex were also minor factors. Extensive data later found in the literature (summarized here) confirm and supplement our results and show that the grain is slightly deeper in colder climates and seasons. Information was also obtained on the changes in depth of grain layer induced by upper leather processing. Measurements from 168 wet-blue sides and 148 crust sides from 13 different commercial suppliers indicate that grain depth decreases from about 1.7 mm in rawstock to about 1.0 mm at the blue stage, and then to about 0.7 mm in dry leather. Certain retannages and finishing procedures may further modify this value. Correlations between grain and total thickness were relatively weak in rawstock, but stronger and more useful in unsplit blue stock. Note de contenu : - EXPERIMENTAL : Rawstock samples - Wet-blue samples - Crust leather samples - Histology - Measurements - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION : Rawstock measurements - Variation with body location - Wet-blue measurements - Crust measurements - Succession of changes - Correlation of grain and total thickness - Table 1 : Variation in fresh hide thickness with breed and age - Table 2 : Variation in fresh hide thickness with sex - Table 3 : Variation in salted hide thickness (mm) with body location - Table 4 : Variation in commercially processed side thickness with type of process - Table 5 : Regression of grain thickness on total thickness - Appendix table A : Survey of adult european cattle depth of grain - Appendix table B : Survey of asian, african, and south american cattle depth of grain En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Ayqe_KSY6m-NyYX7ZEtZbERE42iFnXZp/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=41151 [article]

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A matched-side comparative study of the unsplit blue stock and crust leather made from uncured and pit-cured hides / Stephen H. Feairheller in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. LXX (Année 1975)  

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Microscopic study of leather defects / A. L. Everett in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. LXI (Année 1966)  

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Modified processing cockle defect in sheepskins / E. H. Bitcover in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. LXXV (Année 1980)  

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A study of freeze branding : influence of branding conditions on legibility and leather damage / A. L. Everett in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. LXX (Année 1975)  

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The vertical fiber hide defect : Transmission to progeny and relation to reproductive failures in crossbreding test / A. L. Everett in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. LXXIII (Année 1978)  

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