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Effects of some important ectoparasites on the grain quality of cattlehide leather / A. L. Everett in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. LXXII (Année 1977)
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Titre : Effects of some important ectoparasites on the grain quality of cattlehide leather Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : A. L. Everett, Auteur ; R. W. Miller, Auteur ; W. J. Gladney, Auteur ; Mary V. Hannigan, Auteur Année de publication : 1977 Article en page(s) : p. 6-24 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Américain (ame) Catégories : Acariens
Cuirs et peaux -- Défauts
Cuirs et peaux de bovins
Démodécie
Ectoparasites
Evaluation
Mouches
Parasitoses
Poux
Taons
TiquesIndex. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : Hides and leather from 23 cattle exposed to massive infestations of bloodsucking external parasites were evaluated for grain damage in a co-operative series of tests over an eight-year period. In tests under controlled conditions, horn flies, and two species of mosquitoes caused no significant damage to leather grain ; four species of hard ticks caused severe damage in every case, with no apparent differences among the species. Damage from the lone star tick is illustrated at different healing stages. In tests of cattle exposed to severe infestations of parasites under natural conditions, the shortnosed cattle louse caused no significant grain damage inleather ; horse flies and deer flies caused slight but consistent, and possibly significant, damage ; and incidentally occuring demodectic mites caused moderate to severe damage to some of the hides. The detailed nature of the damage is illustrated. Investigation of the mite infestations provided useful information on the transmission of demodectic (follicular) mange, or demodicosis. Note de contenu : - EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES : Test organisms - Test cattle - Test hides - Fly andmosquito test - Louse test - Tick test
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION : Effects of flies, mosquitoes, and lice - Effect of demodectic mites - Effects of ticks
- Table 1 : Identification of ectoparasites tested on cattle
- Table 2 : Treatments applied to cattle in four separate tests
- Table 3 : Biting flies counted on test steers
- Table 4 : Deer and horse flies trapped at remote pasture in 1973
- Table 5 : Evaluation of hide and leather damage from ectoparasitesEn ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cduH7h7Bdt4FIMzI62TxgBqsZrmaRmZz/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=38254
in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA) > Vol. LXXII (Année 1977) . - p. 6-24[article]Exemplaires (1)
Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 008511 - Périodique Archives Documentaires Exclu du prêt A matched-side comparative study of the unsplit blue stock and crust leather made from uncured and pit-cured hides / Stephen H. Feairheller in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. LXX (Année 1975)
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Titre : A matched-side comparative study of the unsplit blue stock and crust leather made from uncured and pit-cured hides Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Stephen H. Feairheller, Auteur ; A. L. Everett, Auteur ; J. Naghski, Auteur ; F. J. Poats, Auteur ; D. F. Holloway, Auteur Année de publication : 1975 Article en page(s) : p. 464-480 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Américain (ame) Catégories : Chimie analytique
Croûte (cuir)On entend par "cuir en croûte" des cuirs ayant subi les opérations jusqu'au tannage, à l'exclusion de toute opération de corroyage ou de finissage, mais qui, par opposition aux wet-blue ont été séchés.
Cuirs et peaux de bovins
Echantillonnage
Essais dynamiques
Etudes comparatives
Microscopie
Wet-blue (tannage)Peau tannée au chrome (le chrome donne une couleur bleue)Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : A matched-side study of 300 heavy steerhides was conducted jointly by Spencer Foods, Inc. and two agencies of the USDA to reexamine the economics of processing fresh, uncured hides into side upper leather in the light of efforts being made to eliminate salt from tannery and packing house effluents. In this report we present a comparison of the chemical and physical properties of leather made from uncured vs. cured sides at the wrung, unsplit blue stage and again at the dry crust stage, designed to indicate any potential quality advantage of one type of product over the other. A further effort was made to determine whether any other commercially important differences occurred, in response to processing, between the two types of stock. Analysis of the blue stock revealed that the uncured sides had a significantly higher chrome and ash content and a higher shrinkage temperature, while microscopic examination showed no difference in chrome distribution or extent of opening up of the fibers. Physical tests showed a higher tensile strength and penetrometer strength for the uncured sides but a lower ball burst extension value. The crust leather from uncured sides was equivalent to that from cured sides in sorting characteristics but had a significantly higher tensile strength. Processing differences were noted at the liming and chrome-tanning steps that appear advantageous to the processing of fresh hides. Furthermore, there was a slightly higher yield of crust leather from the uncured sides. it was concluded that it is possible, and perhaps economically advantageous, to process uncured hides by conventional processes into quality leather that is essentially indistinguishable from leather made from cured hides. Note de contenu : - Processing
- Blue sort
- Sampling
- Chemical analysis
- Microscopical evaluations
- Physical tests
- Crust sort
- Table 1 : Pack and averge side weights at different stages of processing
- Table 2 : Blue sort results
- Table 3 : Chemical analyses and shrinkage temperature measurements
- Table 4 : Results of physical tests on wrung unsplit blue stock
- Table 5 : Results of physical tests on 5 1/2 oz. crust stockEn ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1IUHYNcE1Jh9veK6vuRuzeA7agnLkmK0X/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=38792
in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA) > Vol. LXX (Année 1975) . - p. 464-480[article]Exemplaires (1)
Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 008509 - Périodique Archives Documentaires Exclu du prêt Microscopic study of leather defects / A. L. Everett in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. LXI (Année 1966)
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Titre : Microscopic study of leather defects : I. Veininess in glazed calfskin Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : A. L. Everett, Auteur ; H. J. Willard, Auteur ; J. Naghski, Auteur Année de publication : 1966 Article en page(s) : p. 112-127 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Américain (ame) Catégories : Cuirs et peaux -- Défauts
Défaut de veine (cuir)Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : Prominent blood vessel pattern on the grain surface of leather is an esthetic defect which has long been troublesome and costly to the industry. In spite of numerous attempts to solve the problem, as summarized from the literature, the basic cause of the defect remains unknown. Inadequate curing and drastic processing were most frequently suspected, but so far there has been no conclusive proof. Therefore a continuing search for preventive measures would seem less practical than systematic testing of corrective treatments.
Microscopic examination of cross-sections, improved by a suitable aqueous embedding technique, is shown to be helpful in guiding such a program. Studies of blood vessel distribution have established that they are typically arranged in three layers. The deepest and largest vessels, especially the arteries, are the principal offenders in this problem, but it is shown that their depth can be so variable that shaving is not a dependable solution. More significantly, there is almost always a large void space around the deep vessels in veiny leather but not in non-veiny samples, even from skins processed together in the same tannery pack. Thin skins are an especially difficult problem. The suggested approach for correction would be to fill there voids, either by plumping the fibers with a suitable retannage or by the use of impregnating materials. Cross-sections illustrating an experimental zirconium retannage indicate a definite reduction in void space and in consequent veininess. Likewise a resin treatment, being studied elsewhere, seems quite promising af ter preliminary trials.Note de contenu : - EXPERIMENTAL METHODS : Sectioning - Gelatin embedding - Microscopy
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION : Veiny vs. non-veiny skins - Veiny thin skins -Veniness without void space - Veniness reduced by retannageEn ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kS5RRAvgc4pKf9T4XiHF_7NrLb0vAQTw/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=37939
in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA) > Vol. LXI (Année 1966) . - p. 112-127[article]Exemplaires (1)
Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 008496 - Périodique Archives Documentaires Exclu du prêt Modified processing cockle defect in sheepskins / E. H. Bitcover in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. LXXV (Année 1980)
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Titre : Modified processing cockle defect in sheepskins Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : E. H. Bitcover, Auteur ; H. J. Willard, Auteur ; A. L. Everett, Auteur Année de publication : 1980 Article en page(s) : p. 49-53 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Américain (ame) Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : - Dewooling
- Reliming
- Bating
- PicklingNote de contenu : The cause of cockle defect in domestic sheepskins has been demonstrated. It is caused by keds (melophagus ovinus), which are blood-sucking parasites that live in the wool of sheep. The defect becomes apparent only after the wool is removed during processing. It appears as a scattering of dense nodules in the grain layer of sheepskins in a characteristic pattern of distribution. Affected sheepskin leathers can be seriously downgraded, depending on the severity of the defect. In addition, cockle reduces the physical strengh of both grain and suede leathers and increases their stiffness. Our earlier studies entailed special processing to expose the cockle nodules for easier counting. When subjected to certain process modifications, however, which were suggested by a cooperating tanner, sheepskins resulted that had lower apparent cockle counts and improved appearence. This paper describes certain process modifications which were found effective in attenuating some of the grosser defects in cockled sheepskins. En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dzw6maIQs4fQ2BYG4WXDvuXXK0EXriw8/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=17726
in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA) > Vol. LXXV (Année 1980) . - p. 49-53[article]Exemplaires (1)
Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 008513 - Périodique Archives Documentaires Exclu du prêt A study of freeze branding : influence of branding conditions on legibility and leather damage / A. L. Everett in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. LXX (Année 1975)
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Titre : A study of freeze branding : influence of branding conditions on legibility and leather damage Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : A. L. Everett, Auteur ; N. W. Hooven, Auteur ; J. Naghski, Auteur ; Robert G. Koeppen, Auteur Année de publication : 1975 Article en page(s) : p. 188-205 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Américain (ame) Catégories : Animaux -- Marquage
Azote
Cuirs et peaux -- DétériorationIndex. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : Traditional hot-iron branding of cattle produces large economic losses of leather, marginal legibility for ranchers, and excessive cruelty to animals. Substitution of irons chilled in a dry ice-alcohol mixture or liquid nitrogen produces permanent, white-haired brands that are relatively painless and show greatly improved legibility. Furthermore, when properly performed, freeze branding induces minimal scarring of hide tissue and therehy reduces the leather wastage produced hy conventional branding.
To provide further guidelines for improving the technique of freeze branding, a comprehensive, three-year test was performed on 23 dairy cattle and nine beef animals at three geographic locations. The two refrigerants mentioned above were compared in parallel on opposite sides of each animal to evaluate three other primary variables : age at branding, anatomical area, and exposure time. Legibility of each brand was scored after regrowth of hair. Cuttability (usability) of resultant leathers was judged mostly in corrected grain finish, but partially in full grain and in splits after close inspection of crusted sides. It was shown that exposure time, age at branding, and breed type are all critical variables. Although both refrigerants gave equally good legibility, liquid nitrogen (as used after clipping) produced many more bald brands and too much tissue damage for acceptability in leather. Cuttability of the dry-ice hrands ranged from about 25 percent in grain leather to over 50 percent in splits.Note de contenu : - EXPERIMENTAL : Test design - Test cattle - Branding procedures - Legibility scores - Leather scores - Acceptable brands
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION : Brand legibility - Bald brands - Leather effects - Minor factors - Optimum branding conditions
- Table 1 : Controlled variables in freeze brand test
- Table 2 : Test cattle used at each location
- Table 3 : Influence of time and refrigerant on baldness and legibility of freeze brands on 22 dairy cattleEn ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1sbMCEUuTMHwhV0n-340pPke6ChSD05K0/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=38786
in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA) > Vol. LXX (Année 1975) . - p. 188-205[article]Exemplaires (1)
Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 008509 - Périodique Archives Documentaires Exclu du prêt