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KUNSTSTOFFE INTERNATIONAL . Vol. 110, N° 4Mention de date : 2020Paru le : 19/05/2020 |
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Ajouter le résultat dans votre panierMultiple layers – Multiple problems ? / Anna-Sophia Bauer in KUNSTSTOFFE INTERNATIONAL, Vol. 110, N° 4 (2020)
[article]
Titre : Multiple layers – Multiple problems ? : Approaches and unresolved problems in the mechanical recycling of flexible multilayer packaging Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Anna-Sophia Bauer, Auteur ; Manfred Tacker, Auteur Année de publication : 2020 Article en page(s) : p. 8-10 Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Aliments -- Emballages
Emballages -- Aspect de l'environnement
Emballages en matières plastiques -- Recyclage
Structures multicouchesIndex. décimale : 668.4 Plastiques, vinyles Résumé : The challenges associated with recycling food packaging are particularly great in the flexible-packaging sector. Multilayer composites are often a hindrance to mechanical recycling, yet are irreplaceable in many applications. Replacements will not be found until recyclable and ecologically sustainable packaging solutions are devised. Note de contenu : - Closing the material loop through mechanical recycling
- Mono-material approach must be developed
- Recyclable barrier solutions in practice
- Complex systemic impediments
- Fig. 1 : Gap in the circular economy : the pathway followed by resources is only 9% circular on average worldwide. Just 91% of the 92. billion t of minerals, fossil fuels, metals and biomass entering the economy each year is not recycled
- Fig. 2 : Redesign required about 30% of plastic packaging (measured by weight) cannot be mechanically recycled without a fundamental redesign
- Fig. 3 : Stand-up pouch : typical composition of a non-mechanically recyclable pouch bag for wet feedEn ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1e_CMhXuSTPYVT4Q5ABF4L-q6DL3F3vRc/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=34261
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 21700 - Périodique Bibliothèque principale Documentaires Disponible Can one material be enough ? / Peter Sandkühler in KUNSTSTOFFE INTERNATIONAL, Vol. 110, N° 4 (2020)
[article]
Titre : Can one material be enough ? : Designing food and consumer packaging for recyclability Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Peter Sandkühler, Auteur Année de publication : 2020 Article en page(s) : p. 11-13 Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Aliments -- Emballages
Copolymère éthylène alcool de vinyleC'est aujourd'hui le matériau le plus utilisé dans l'emballage rigide alimentaire. Il peut être utilisé avec des matériaux de structure comme le polyéthylène, polypropylène ou polystyrène. Ce copolymère présente une excellente imperméabilité à l'oxygène, au gaz carbonique et aux arômes, à condition de protéger de l'influence de l'humidité qui fait chuter fortement ses performances. Pour palier cet inconvénient, il est souvent pris en sandwich dans des structures multicouches à base de polyoléfines PE ou PP peu sensibles à l'humidité. Il est utilisé pour les emballages de compotes, jus de fruits, fromages, sauces, crèmes et yaourts, mayonnaise, sauce tomate...
Développement durable
Eco-conception
Emballages en matières plastiques -- Recyclage
Films plastiques
Polyéthylène
Polyéthylène téréphtalateIndex. décimale : 668.4 Plastiques, vinyles Résumé : The goal of the European Union (EU) to recycle all plastic packaging in Europe in an economically viable manner by 2030 is exerting enormous pressure on the packaging industry. It is very common that packaging films are made of different materials, and this causes challenges since they are often not easy to recycle. The demand is high for recyclable films which at the same time deliver the same or only slightly reduced food shelf life and packaging productivity. Various current examples show that this is possible. Note de contenu : - Mono-material films made of PE
- Machine-direction oriented PE replaces PET
- Externally printed co-extruded films
- Figure : For these stand-up pouches, counter-printed stiff PE carrier filoms were laminated with sealing films with low temperature sealants
- Fig. 1 : For these diswasher tabs packages, a film coextruded with a sealing medium and a co-extruded PE film was printed and then coated by extrusion to protect the printed image. This kind of packaging replaces combined packaging made of PET and PE
- Fig. 2 : Machine-oriented PE can be an alternative to oriented PET films
- Fig. 3 : PE-MDO films serve as a carrier for very thin vapor-deposited barrier layers
- Fig. 4 : These stand-up pouches uses externally printed co-extruded PE films. They have an EVOH barrier layer and use retain compatibilizers for an improved recycling result of the packaging
- Fig. 5 : The single material packaging is based on a single co-extruded barrier film with surface printingEn ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1BnARPA2z6beIsRYCp4GpVv5S2LqQxlh3/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=34262
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Titre : Successful with wood : A start-up produces organic coffee capsules made of wood and plant starch in millions Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Bettina Keck, Auteur Année de publication : 2020 Article en page(s) : p. 15-16 Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Aliments -- Emballages
Amidons
Bioplastiques
Bois et constituants
Café -- Emballages
Emballages en matières plastiquesIndex. décimale : 668.4 Plastiques, vinyles Résumé : Many people have good ideas and intentions. Few have the courage and determination to put them into practice. The young rezemo entrepreneurs Julian Reitze and Stefan Zender are one successful example. In 2019, some three years after their start-up was founded, the company was already producing well over one million compostable coffee capsules per year. A number that is growing rapidly. For the capsules, a compound of wood and plant fiber is processed on injection molding machines. Note de contenu : - 100 percent biodegradable capsules
- Gentle melting
- Regional proximity
- Figure : Sawdust and wood shavings from the woodworking industry, PLA as a binding agent - the recipe for ecology compatible coffee capsulesEn ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wYcwuscn4VU4n-4LHT7VXxRLMUgFNjB1/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=34263
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Titre : As flexible as required : PC-based control in an in-mold labelling system helps decorate plastic lids Type de document : texte imprimé Année de publication : 2020 Article en page(s) : p. 17-19 Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Emballages en matières plastiques
Etiquetage dans le moule
Matières plastiques -- Moulage par injection
Matières plastiques -- Moulage par injection -- Appareils et matériel
ServomécanismesIndex. décimale : 668.4 Plastiques, vinyles Résumé : In-mold labeling is the ideal solution for today’s customer requirements in the packaging industry. Companies need high-quality, durable machines with maximum availability that can produce a wide range of packaging ‧designs with flexibility and economic cycle times. To implement such systems efficiently, Swiss specialty ‧machine manufacturer Beck Automation implements PC-based control and drive technology from Beckhoff as its standard automation platform. Note de contenu : - IML as a particularly flexible process
- Advantages of PC-based control technology
- Servo drive technolog increases machine flexibility
- Data exchange also via OPC UA
- Figure : With IML systems from Beck Automation, a broad range of plastic containers and lids can be labeled efficiently and flexibility
- Fig. 1 : In each processing step, the IML system takes six labels at a time from a magazine and places them into the open mold of the injection molding machine
- Fig. 3 : Together with AM8000 OCT sermotors, the AX5000 Servo Drives provide an efficient and dynamic motion control solution
- Fig. 4 : Two the machine's four AM8000 servomotors move the main arm and the shuttle
- Fig. 5 : The CX5130 embedded PC and the I/O level with EtherCAT and twinSafe terminals are extremely compactEn ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1oi78MZ07cLJVg7oiuqrVGC_cC6pFquiS/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=34264
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Titre : Resisting the pressure : More-resource-efficient materials for thermoforming Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Felix Baumgärtner, Auteur ; Christian Bonten, Auteur ; Sebastian Erlwein, Auteur ; Andreas Strunk-Westermann, Auteur ; Olaf Allekote, Auteur Année de publication : 2020 Article en page(s) : p. 20-23 Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Films plastiques
Formulation (Génie chimique)
Matières plastiques -- Propriétés mécaniques
Matières plastiques -- Thermoformage
Mélanges-maîtres (chimie)
Résistance à la compressionIndex. décimale : 668.4 Plastiques, vinyles Résumé : Contrary to the current perception, plastics, as a component of packaging materials, often represent the most environmentally sound option. The plastics industry is currently undergoing a transformation, shifting the focus onto the realization of closed material loops as well as reducing the resource input with highly efficient materials. Note de contenu : - Current practice
- Manufacturing thermformable semifinished film products
- Analysis of the efficiency potentials by modification
- Figure : To allow the saving potential of the formulations for thermoforming films to be tested under laboratory conditions, it was determined at what compression resistance the cups manufactured from the semi-finished products resist deformation
- Fig. 1 : Film take-off by means of a calendering unit
- Fig. 2 : Process flow during thermoforming
- Fig. 3 : Compared to the reference, mostmodified formulations have a reduced melt enthalpy
- Fig. 4 : Increasing the compression resistance by addition of masterbatches
- Table 1 : Overview of the different film formulations of the screening
- Table 2 : Non-varied process parametersEn ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1tU6zCecSp_wOcQcygpbsE6cqJOQpy3QV/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=34265
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 21700 - Périodique Bibliothèque principale Documentaires Disponible No chance for the cycle concepts ? / Niels Düring in KUNSTSTOFFE INTERNATIONAL, Vol. 110, N° 4 (2020)
[article]
Titre : No chance for the cycle concepts ? : Steps to more sustainable packaging in the medical and cosmetics industries Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Niels Düring, Personne interviewée Année de publication : 2020 Article en page(s) : p. 24-25 Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Conception technique
Cosmétiques -- Emballages
Cosmétiques -- Emballages -- Aspect sanitaire
Développement durable
Médicaments -- Emballages
Médicaments -- Emballages -- Aspect sanitaireIndex. décimale : 668.4 Plastiques, vinyles Résumé : Even more than with foodstuffs, what matters in most cases with drug packaging is the contents protected by the wrapping. These are not good conditions to pursue a cycle concept for packaging. But times are changing – perhaps. En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Vd4FZmyrplyUAuZ1s1BkSem1kX3aorNj/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=34266
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 21700 - Périodique Bibliothèque principale Documentaires Disponible Opening up a broader range of applications for recyclate / Georg Pillwein in KUNSTSTOFFE INTERNATIONAL, Vol. 110, N° 4 (2020)
[article]
Titre : Opening up a broader range of applications for recyclate : The iQ weight control assistance system ensures higher process stability Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Georg Pillwein, Auteur ; Philipp Willnauer, Auteur ; Georg Steinbichler, Auteur Année de publication : 2020 Article en page(s) : p. 26-30 Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Économie circulaire L'économie circulaire est une expression générique désignant un concept économique qui s'inscrit dans le cadre du développement durable et s'inspirant notamment des notions d'économie verte, d’économie de l'usage ou de l'économie de la fonctionnalité, de l'économie de la performance et de l'écologie industrielle (laquelle veut que le déchet d'une industrie soit recyclé en matière première d'une autre industrie ou de la même).
Son objectif est de produire des biens et services tout en limitant fortement la consommation et le gaspillage des matières premières, et des sources d'énergies non renouvelables ;
Selon la fondation Ellen Mac Arthur (créée pour promouvoir l'économie circulaire1), il s'agit d'une économie industrielle qui est, à dessein ou par intention, réparatrice et dans laquelle les flux de matières sont de deux types bien séparés ; les nutriments biologiques, destinés à ré-entrer dans la biosphère en toute sécurité, et des intrants techniques ("technical nutrients"), conçus pour être recyclés en restant à haut niveau de qualité, sans entrer dans la biosphère
Matières plastiques -- Moulage par injection
Matières plastiques -- Recyclage
Poids -- Contrôle
PolypropylèneIndex. décimale : 668.4 Plastiques, vinyles Résumé : Smart assistance systems are paving the way for self-optimizing production. Automatic correction of quality-relevant parameters is already reality for individual phases of the injection molding process. At K 2019, Engel presented the iQ weight control with the example of a recyclate application for the first time. Extensive tests performed jointly between the injection-molding machine manufacturer and the recycling specialist Erema confirm that the system has great potential for the circular economy. Note de contenu : - Differently processed recycled pellets under test
- Recognizing and compensating differences in material properties
- More useful than the MFI
- Moldings with complex geometries as test objects
- Reliably assessing the potential before investment
- Fig. 1 : The image sections of the flow-path end (top) clearly show that, with iQ weight control deactivated (black), the cavity was not completely filled after batch change. With iQ weight control activated (green), on the other hand, acceptable parts were consistently produced
- Fig. 2 : Different reprocessing methods influence the flowability and other properties of the resulting pellets. To simulate a broad spectrum of different conditions, the series of experiments was conducted with four differently treated PP recyclates
- Fig. 3 : The two diagrams show shear-rate-dependent viscosity curves measured in the high-pressure capillary rheometer (HCR) for different recyclates in double-logarithmic presentation. MFI measurements are made in the range of low shear rates, which significantly higher shear rates occur during the actual injection molding process. The viscosity change determined from process data is therefore often much more relevant than a pure MFI
- Fig. 4 : Stepped panel with four different wall thicknesses.The center web is 3 mm thick. The side arms have wall thicknesses of 2, 1 and 0.5 mm, with the thinnest regions located at the end of the flow path
- Fig. 5 : On recyclate change, the shot weight sinks significantly with the consequence that defec¬tive parts are produced.With the activation of iQ weight control, the shot weights are increased to the range of the reference material
- Fig. 6 : Pressure curves alter batch change from recyclate 1 to recyclate 2.The upper diagram presents the specific injection pressure profile. The plot of the cavity pressure curves (bot-tom) supports the result of the part weight measurement and also shows the more uniform fill front progress with iQ weight controlEn ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bi3IdggWY9Mnm2TrSrpZPBcOP6DsEg6v/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=34267
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Titre : More is less : Simulation as a tool for weighing process options before producing optical components Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Cristoph Hinse, Auteur ; Nuno Ribeiro Simões, Auteur Année de publication : 2020 Article en page(s) : p. 31-35 Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Lentilles (optique)
Matières plastiques -- Moulage par injection
Moulage par injection-compression
Simulation par ordinateur
Structures multicouchesIndex. décimale : 668.4 Plastiques, vinyles Résumé : Making the production of optical lenses economical while maintaining a certain level of product quality poses a huge challenge. Aside from the need to modify the geometry of the molded part, there is often a debate about the right production strategy. Injection-compression molding may offer an alternative to injection molding in terms of quality, but it is also cost-intensive. This is where simulation can serve as a decision-making aid. Note de contenu : - Injection molding or injection-compression molding ?
- Simulation insights and differences
- Multi-layer injection molding shortens cycle time
- Simulation model and simulation sequence for a biconvex lens
- Comparison of simuulation results
- Figure : Simulated production of a two-layer, aspherical, biconvex lens. Here, mold filling is superimposed with the fringed pattern of the final lens
- Fig. 1 : Two-layer injection molding : visualization of the simulation model for the first and second component, including mold and temperature control
- Fig. 2 : The filling study shows the high level of agreement between injection molding reality and simulation
- Fig. 3 : The pronounced pressure gradient that occurs during injection molding contrasts with the homogeneous pressure distribution arising in injection-compression molding
- Fig. 4 : Flow-induced residual stress in the XX direction is more pronounced in injection molding than in injection-compression molding
- Fig. 5 : Flow-induced and thermally induced fringed patterns and the superposition of both effects for the simulated lens using injection molding as an exampleEn ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/13sZLvpuzsq8WKv-J4e5Pyxj9lO06Mk8J/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=34268
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Titre : The dangers of cracked screws : Chinese company investigates cracking behavior Type de document : texte imprimé Année de publication : 2020 Article en page(s) : p. 36-37 Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Matériaux -- Fissuration
Vis d'extrusionIndex. décimale : 668.4 Plastiques, vinyles Résumé : Cracked screws are a frequent cause of customer complaints. The Chinese manufacturer EJS has identified the source of the problem. Note de contenu : - Mistakes in production ?
- Nothing to worry about
- Fig. 1 : According to EJS cracks can occur on the screws, especially with large screw diameters
- Fig. 2 : According to the company, the cracks are not production defects
- Fig. 3 : EJS has investigated the cracks in various comprehensive analyses. The results : the cracks are very small and do not reduce the quality and durability of the screwsEn ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/11uAwgR-41hOb2jn3PVcZ8zgI1ZQ0UCZq/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=34269
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 21700 - Périodique Bibliothèque principale Documentaires Disponible Colors at your fingertips / Cordula Krause-Widjaja in KUNSTSTOFFE INTERNATIONAL, Vol. 110, N° 4 (2020)
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Titre : Colors at your fingertips : Luminous mosaics with laser welded electronic modules Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Cordula Krause-Widjaja, Auteur Année de publication : 2020 Article en page(s) : p. 38-39 Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Commande tactile
Eclairage
Matières plastiques -- Soudage
Matières plastiques dans les équipements électriques et électroniques
Soudage laser
SouduresIndex. décimale : 668.4 Plastiques, vinyles Résumé : Touch-sensitive lighting modules that are the size of a palm and about as thin as a matchbox can create varying light mosaics thanks to digital control. The electronics behind this construction are situated in a flat plastic housing and are securely welded using laser technology for their protection. Note de contenu : - Safe and tight joining technology
- High optical demands
- Figure : When the mosaic surface is swiped, the modules light up in the desired colors in the touched areas
- Fig. 1 : The light module electronics must be situated in a tighly welded protective plastic housing for wet applications
- Fig. 2 : Ready for assembly : there is space for 64 glass mosaic tiles on the top side of the electronics housingsEn ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1eOkd4j_9uEWpXXq6Z2OjzGLZfEj8hKK5/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=34270
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 21700 - Périodique Bibliothèque principale Documentaires Disponible Groundbreaking ultrasound shear waves / Yannick Bernhardt in KUNSTSTOFFE INTERNATIONAL, Vol. 110, N° 4 (2020)
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Titre : Groundbreaking ultrasound shear waves : methods for determining the fiber orientation in reinforced plastics Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Yannick Bernhardt, Auteur ; Marc Kreutzbruck, Auteur Année de publication : 2020 Article en page(s) : p. 40-43 Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Biréfringence La biréfringence est la propriété physique d'un matériau dans lequel la lumière se propage de façon anisotrope. Dans un milieu biréfringent, l'indice de réfraction n'est pas unique, il dépend de la direction de polarisation de l'onde lumineuse. (Wikipedia)
Composites à fibres de verre
Contrôle non destructif
Distribution et orientation des fibres
Mesure
Microscopie
Tomographie à rayons X
UltrasonsIndex. décimale : 668.4 Plastiques, vinyles Résumé : A number of examination methods can be used to identify weaknesses caused by incorrect fiber orientation. In particular, the fiber volume content and fiber distribution permit conclusions to be drawn regarding the stiffness and tensile strength behavior. A new ultrasound method offers the flexibility to capture these parameters on the finished component. Note de contenu : - Fiber lengths and incorrect orientations
- Examination methods
- Microscopy
- X-ray computer tomography
- Ultrasound birefringence
- Accuracy of measurement with ultrasound shear waves
- Figure : Ultrasound coupling : a shear wave probe contacts a glass fiber-reinforced plastic test specimen via a viscous couplant
- Fig. 1 : Dependency of the material properties on the fiber distribution
- Fig. 2 : Microscopy image of a polished micrograph section of a short glass fiber-reinforced plastic material. The ellipse shape is determined by the fiber orientation
- Fig. 3 : Fiber bundle recorded using X-ray computer tomography
- Fig. 4 : Acoustic birefringence in an anisotropic material
- Fig. 5 : Measurement of the sound velocity depending on the probe orientationEn ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1TitIjLZlrNI1eMd3TtDYd0OxCIkguq42/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=34271
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 21700 - Périodique Bibliothèque principale Documentaires Disponible Reduced settling behavior in multi material components / Thomas Vietor in KUNSTSTOFFE INTERNATIONAL, Vol. 110, N° 4 (2020)
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Titre : Reduced settling behavior in multi material components : Structuring of surface ensures reliable anchoring of thread inserts in organic sheets Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Thomas Vietor, Auteur ; Klaus Dröder, Auteur ; Michael Demes, Auteur ; Werner Berlin, Auteur ; Benjamin Bader, Auteur Année de publication : 2020 Article en page(s) : p. 44-47 Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Assemblages multimatériaux
Bandes composites
Composites à fibres de verre
Insert (technologie)En plasturgie ou fonderie, un insert désigne une pièce d'un matériau infusible incluse dans la pièce fabriquée. Cet élément sert en général à la fixation ultérieure d'éléments mécaniques ou sert de renfort (exemple : chemise d'usure).
Matériaux hybrides
Surfaces (technologie)Index. décimale : 668.4 Plastiques, vinyles Résumé : Threaded inserts ensure a secure connection of hybrid components. Under continuous load, effects can occur with thermoplastics due to pressure and temperature, which means that a durable screw connection is no longer guaranteed. Such effects can be prevented by thread inserts with a special surface structure. Note de contenu : - Bridging the force flow
- Minimizing settling effects
- Figure : Metal thread insert with surface structuring on both sides prevent settling behavior of thermoplastic polymers in multi-material components
- Fig. 1 : Metal thread inserts in conventional hybrid composites without surface structuring lead to settling effects on the screw connection
- Fig. 2 : Pins as a surface structure on metal thread inserts penetrate the tape layer and prevent settling effects of the screw connection
- Fig. 3 : CMT welding allows pins of defined length and with different head shapes to be attached to the thread inserts
- Fig. 4 : Peak pins are particularly suitable for textile semi-finished products. In the test, a glass fiber-reinforced PA6-tape fabric was penetrated with them
- Fig. 5 : Force-displacement characteristic when pressing the pin samples into the hybrid composite in accordance with DIN EN ISO604 under the influence of temperature
- Fig. 6 : The molded contour of the pin tip clearly shows that contact between the pin and steel base plate has occured during the insertion processEn ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/15ho5gr5rRaX51NVIY6xWDDo_duXcQftk/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=34272
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