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Ajouter le résultat dans votre panierThe environment and materials, from the standpoints of ethics, social sciences, law and politics / Jean-Pierre Birat in MATERIAUX & TECHNIQUES, Vol. 107, N° 1 (2019)
Titre : The environment and materials, from the standpoints of ethics, social sciences, law and politics Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Jean-Pierre Birat, Auteur Année de publication : 2019 Article en page(s) : 20 p. Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Durée de vie (Ingénierie)
Ethique de l'environnement
Matériaux -- Aspect de l'environnement
Politique de l'environnement
PollutionTags : Matériaux 'Production de matériaux' 'Utilisation des 'Matières premières' 'Economie circulaire' 'Empreinte écologique' 'Principe du pollueur-payeur' 'Développement durable' précaution' 'Hiérarchie déchets' 'Questions environnementales' ACV AFM 'Ethique l’environnement' Anthropocentrisme Biocentrisme Ecocentrisme 'Code Index. décimale : 304.2 Ecologie humaine : les activités sociales humaines et l'environnement. Pollution Résumé : Materials are deeply connected with the environment, because they stem from raw materials extracted from the geosphere, rely on large amounts of energy and of water in their production stage, project emissions to air, water and soil when their ores (or minerals) are mined, when they are made in steel mills or cement kilns, including very significant amounts of greenhouse gases. They also contribute to emissions and energy consumption of the artifacts of which they are part, either consumption or investment goods. Their connection with the biosphere raises many issues, in terms of toxicology, ecotoxicology or biodiversity or simply of public health or in the working place. Materials, as an essential part of the anthroposphere, interact deeply with the anthroposphere itself but also with the biosphere, the geosphere, the atmosphere and the hydrosphere, thus with nature in a general way through mechanisms which can no longer simply be described at the margin, as resource depletion or as pollution. This raises issues related to the sustainability of materials in human activities, in which they are deeply immersed and entangled. The standard way of dealing with these environmental issues is to invoke sustainability and to explain that all actors are engaged in sustainable development, a morals or an ethics that points in which direction to go: all players in the materials field, industry, institutions and research, claim allegiance to sustainable development. At a more technical level, specific tools like Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) are used extensively to measure the interaction of materials with the environment. This, however, is not enough to deal properly with the environmental issues of materials, because these issues are not marginal any longer: the anthroposphere has become so large with respect to the biosphere, the geosphere and the planet in general that environmental risk is now part of modern life, especially in connection with climate change and the loss of biodiversity. To go deeper in analyzing the connection of human activities with nature, it is therefore necessary to reach out to SSH (Social Science and Humanities) disciplines and particularly to environmental ethics. This is a prerequisite for materials scientists (and others) to act decisively in the future in the face of the danger that lies ahead of us. The present paper reviews the advances of environmental ethics, a fairly young discipline born in the 1970s, in as far as it can help all actors on the world anthropospheric theater choose their lines for the future in a more conscious and sophisticated way than simply claiming obedience to sustainability. We will review briefly intellectual forerunners of the discipline like Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Henri David Thoreau, Rachel Carson or Paul Ehrlich. This will help flesh out well-known concepts like the precautionary principle or the “polluter-pays” principle, which are invoked in creating new materials or new processes to keep pollution and health issues under control, as part of the constraints of professional ethics but also of environmental law. It will be necessary to question to whom or to what the key concept of intrinsic value is attached : people, all living organisms or ecosystems, i.e. the environment in general, and thus to define anthropocentrism, biocentrism and ecocentrism. Environmental law and the ethics of sustainable development are still mainly anthropocentric while scientific ecology is more clearly ecocentric. To tackle the challenges of environmental issues as they are posed today and to avoid catastrophes, it might be necessary in the future for all social players and for people of the world of materials to follow the steps of environmental ethics and to move up from anthropocentrism to the broader vision of ecocentrism. Note de contenu : - MORE ON THE CONNECTION BETWEEN MATERIALS, MATERIALS SCIENTISTS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
- POSITIONING MATERIALS AND THE SPHERES OF ECOLOGY IN AN HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE
- KEYWORDS : NATURE, ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY
- ESSENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPTS : Identification of "environmental issues" : pollution and environmental damage, resources and resource depletion, ecosystems and biodiversity - Construction of the concept of sustainability - Damage to human health and to non-human health - toxicology and ecotoxicology - Environmental polycymaking, law and legislation
- DISCIPLINARY APPROACHES TO THE ENVIRONMENTS : Natural philosophy and the separation of science from philosophy - National parks and the appeal of wilderness - Critical events and critical writings - Environmental philosophy and philosophy of environment - Environmental ethics : major concepts and schools of thought - More radical approaches : ecofeminism, ecocriticism and social ecology - How do various institutions fare regarding environmental ethics ?
- ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS, CODES AND REGULATIONS
- MEASURING THE SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES OF OBJECTS, TECHNOLOGIES AND SERVICESRéférence de l'article : 102 DOI : 10.1051/mattech/2018067 En ligne : https://www.mattech-journal.org/articles/mattech/pdf/2019/01/mt180036.pdf Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=32682
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Titre : Development of multi-value circulation based on remanufacturing Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Kenichi Nakajima, Auteur ; Mitsutaka Matsumoto, Auteur ; Hideyuki Murakami, Auteur ; Masao Hayakawa, Auteur ; Yasunari Matsuno, Auteur ; Wataru Takayanagi, Auteur Année de publication : 2019 Article en page(s) : 8 p. Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Économie circulaire L'économie circulaire est une expression générique désignant un concept économique qui s'inscrit dans le cadre du développement durable et s'inspirant notamment des notions d'économie verte, d’économie de l'usage ou de l'économie de la fonctionnalité, de l'économie de la performance et de l'écologie industrielle (laquelle veut que le déchet d'une industrie soit recyclé en matière première d'une autre industrie ou de la même).
Son objectif est de produire des biens et services tout en limitant fortement la consommation et le gaspillage des matières premières, et des sources d'énergies non renouvelables ;
Selon la fondation Ellen Mac Arthur (créée pour promouvoir l'économie circulaire1), il s'agit d'une économie industrielle qui est, à dessein ou par intention, réparatrice et dans laquelle les flux de matières sont de deux types bien séparés ; les nutriments biologiques, destinés à ré-entrer dans la biosphère en toute sécurité, et des intrants techniques ("technical nutrients"), conçus pour être recyclés en restant à haut niveau de qualité, sans entrer dans la biosphère
Evaluation
Fiabilité
Métaux -- Surfaces
Production -- Gestion
Reconditionnement
Recyclage (déchets, etc.)
Surfaces (physique) -- RéparationIndex. décimale : 610.28 Techniques et procédés auxiliaires ; appareils, équipement, matériel Résumé : Remanufacturing is an industrial process that turns used products into new ones with the same quality, functionality, and warranty as new products; it is a critical element for realizing a resource-efficient manufacturing industry and a circular economy. Remanufacturing may involve adding new and better functionality to used products, such as adding more wear-resistant materials to the surface or new sensor systems. Remanufacturing has been undertaken for products such as: automobile parts, machinery, photocopiers, single-use cameras, furniture, and turbine components, etc. It is generally superior to material recycling in terms of energy and material savings. Our project aims to develop technologies necessary for the promotion of remanufacturing and to establish a cooperative network related to remanufacturing. As technical development items, our aim is to develop methods to assess the reliability of parts/components, develop technologies to restore deteriorated metal surfaces of used products, introduce production management methods for remanufacturing, and design a circulation system to retain the added values of products. In this paper, we introduce an outline of the project and present some preliminary results. This paper shows the possibility to quantitatively evaluate the carbide distribution (size and density) of the carburized surface of a gear, and also shows the potential to repair materials exposed to a high-temperature oxidative atmosphere by Pr-Ir coating technology. Note de contenu : - Project overview
- Preliminary results and discussion : Production management methods for remanufacturing - Reliability assessment methods for friction parts - Surface repair technologies for metallic components used at elevated temperature - Circulation system designed to retain added valueRéférence de l'article : 103 DOI : 10.1051/mattech/2018057 En ligne : https://www.mattech-journal.org/articles/mattech/pdf/2019/01/mt180045.pdf Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=32683
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Titre : A new innovation paradigm : combining technological and social innovation Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Michael Kohlgrüber, Auteur ; Antonius Schröder, Auteur ; Félix Bayon Yusta, Auteur ; Asier Arteaga Ayarza, Auteur Année de publication : 2019 Article en page(s) : 17 p. Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Entreprises -- Innovations
Innovations
Innovations -- Aspect socialTags : 'Innovation sociale' 'Optimisation à l'échelle de l'usine' Co-création 'Besoin en facteurs humains' Index. décimale : 658.406 Gestion des modifications : Extension, modernisation, innovations Résumé : A new innovation paradigm is needed to answer the societal, economic and environmental challenges the world and companies are facing. The EU funded Horizon 2020 SPIRE Project “Coordinating Optimisation of Complex Industrial Processes” (COCOP) is combining technological and social innovation within a steel company pilot case (Sidenor). The project aims at reducing raw materials consumption (and energy and emissions reduction as well) by plant-wide optimisation of production processes based on a software solution and at the same time changing social practices. Key for COCOP is a methodology integrating technological innovation within a social innovation process of co-creation and co-development by involving (potential) users of the future software system and relevant stakeholders right from the beginning; thereby improving effectiveness and impact of the innovations and the implementation process. This involvement is instructed and measured by social key performance indicators (social KPIs) and operationalised in surveys (questionnaire and interviews) with future users, engineers and external experts (from different industry sectors not involved in the project). The article presents the results of the starting point of COCOP illustrating the future user perspective of the pilot steel company (Sidenor) contrasted by the view of external experts – seriously taking into account the interfaces between technology, human and organisation. Note de contenu : - A NEW INNOVATION PARADIGM
- PLANT-WIDE OPTIMISATION APPROACH IN THE STEEL INDUSTRY (THE SIDENOR CASE) : The general COCOP approach - The steel case study (Sidenor)
- FROM SOFTWARE-DEVELOPMENT TO THE DESIGN OF NEW WORKING PRACTICES - FINDINGS OF EMPIRICAL RESEARCH : Methodology - Results of quantitative research - Results of qualitative research
- HOW COULD HUMAN FACTORS ISSUES REALLY AFFECT THE INNOVATION PROCESS ?Référence de l'article : 107 DOI : 10.1051/mattech/2018065 En ligne : https://www.mattech-journal.org/fr/articles/mattech/pdf/2019/01/mt180041.pdf Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=32684
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Titre : (IM-)Material flow analysis for system innovation Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Romain Allais, Auteur ; Julie Gobert, Auteur Année de publication : 2019 Article en page(s) : 7 p. Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Innovations
SystémiqueTags : 'Modèle analytique' 'Capitaux immatériels et territoriaux' 'Réseau d’acteurs' 'Innovation organisationnelle' Interdisciplinarité Index. décimale : 658.406 Gestion des modifications : Extension, modernisation, innovations Résumé : Current assessment tools are mainly disciplinary and support the assessment of material flows in terms of environmental impacts or economical flows, for example. These tools provide helpful quantitative information for system (re)-design but do not explicitly question the value creation factors and their embeddedness in a specific socio-spatial context. This article underlines that innovation for sustainability requires more complexity and a system and multidisciplinary approach. A dynamic material and immaterial resource flows model coupled with extended scorecard to support both the analysis and structuration of territorial projects may be of great support to better understand, qualify and quantify the different kinds of resources revealed, mobilized or denied during a project. This communication focuses on the model development and the cross-fertilization of industrial, sociological and geographical disciplines for system transition analysis. Even if this model is still under development, it appears to strengthen strategic analysis, as it enables both the representation of the tangibles and intangible assets mobilized during the emergence and structuration of territorial projects (e.g. business model transition to functional economy) and sustainability assessment of existing projects (e.g. industrial and territorial ecology projects). Note de contenu : - From value chain to territorial transition
- A spatio-temporal stakeholder network framework for projects analysisRéférence de l'article : 109 DOI : 10.1051/mattech/2018066 En ligne : https://www.mattech-journal.org/articles/mattech/pdf/2019/01/mt180050.pdf Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=32685
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| Code-barres | Cote | Support | Localisation | Section | Disponibilité |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20924 | - | Périodique | Bibliothèque principale | Documentaires | Disponible |
Documents numériques
 Matériaux & techniques Vol. 107, N° 1 URL |
