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A practical alternative to salt for the preservation of hides and skins in WORLD LEATHER, Vol. 18, N° 3 (05/2005)  

[article]  inWORLD LEATHER > Vol. 18, N° 3 (05/2005) . - p. 18-19 Titre : A practical alternative to salt for the preservation of hides and skins Type de document : texte imprimé Année de publication : 2005 Article en page(s) : p. 18-19 Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Cuirs et peaux -- Conservation Réticulants Silicates Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : Salt as a preservative for hides and skins is simple in application, low in cost and effective. Accordingly it is the most common form of preservation, but in practical term salt cannot be removed within effluent treatment. It enters the environnement where the true costs are experienced in reality. Unless discharge is direct into the oceans, this salt represents long term endangering of potable water supplies via contamination of the aquifer. It also prevents the reuse of treated tannery effluents for irrigation purposes where quality waters are at a premium. A new alternative technology has, however, been the subject of investigation. This is low cost, simple, effective, and side-steps these issues. Note de contenu : - Silicates for fibre stabilisation - Silicates as curing agent - Panel 1 : Silicates as a lime substitute En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Sf0ApD8M6GvORjen9IgLwqDfIbTrI-7B/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=32289 [article]

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The real cost of a kilo of salt / Richard Daniels in WORLD LEATHER, Vol. 18, N° 3 (05/2005)  

[article]  inWORLD LEATHER > Vol. 18, N° 3 (05/2005) . - p. 20 Titre : The real cost of a kilo of salt : Part 1 Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Richard Daniels, Auteur Année de publication : 2005 Article en page(s) : p. 20 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Coût de revient Sels Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : Even an optimist would be worried if macking a survey that focused on the effects of salinity. A cross-section of literature throws up the following statements: - Globally, soil salination is spreading at a rate estimated at 15,000 to 25,000 km²/year. - Yields of all irrigated land - 1.2 million km² - have fallen in recent years. - In some semi-arid countries, 10-50% of the irrigated land is affected to a greater or lesser degree, with average yield decreases of 10-25% for many crops. There are little or no time series data to allow reliable estimates of the rates of change in salinate areas; it could be 1.0 to 1.5 milion ha/year. - 200,000 to 300,000 km² of the world's irrigated area suffers serious salination, and 600,000 to 800,000 km² are moderately affected. - In India,Pakistan and China, 20% of irrigated land suffers from salinity. This is over and above land areas previously abandoned. - 60% of the world's irrigated regions need upgrading to remain in good working order. - Rejuvenating salt-covered fiels costs US$100,000 to 200,00/km², and efforts often fail. - In the USA and Canada - a major component of the gobal breadbasket - yields are falling. It is estimated that one third of te soils in Canada now contains sufficient salts to reduce spring wheat yield by 10% or more. More than 40 publications have been studies in the preparation of this feature, and discussions have taken place with specialists within Europe, USA and India. In addiction, information is available for verification in scientific publications, the Internet, and from organisations within the United Nations and the World Bank. Note de contenu : - Salinity and the tanning sector : responsibility and actions - Salinity : the elimination of salt from acid pickle En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1CiscNJ8Ae0GtkVJknGRtcA63yKufzVEB/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=32290 [article]

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Salinity and the tanning sector : responsibility and actions / Richard Daniels in WORLD LEATHER, Vol. 18, N° 3 (05/2005)  

[article]  inWORLD LEATHER > Vol. 18, N° 3 (05/2005) . - p. 21-25 Titre : Salinity and the tanning sector : responsibility and actions Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Richard Daniels, Auteur Année de publication : 2005 Article en page(s) : p. 21-25 Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Cuirs et peaux -- Industrie -- Aspect de l'environnement Eaux usées Pollution Sels Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : The role of common salt in the leather industry is well known and documented. About 20-25% of the fresh hide weight is required where salt is used for preservation, but the amount applied is considerably higher. Between 4 and 6 % on the lime fleshed weight is used in pickle to inhibit acid swelling before the tanning process. Further salt is residual from the manufacture of auxiliaries, or added for purposes of standardisation. Excepting water, more salt is used in making leather than any other material. Based on a global use of nearly eight million tonnes of bovine hides, sheep, goat and pigskins, as wet salted hides and skins the weight of salt consummed in their preservation and conversion - and discharged from tanneries - is many million tonnes each year. Note de contenu : - The effects of salt within the environment - The effects on plant growth and soil - Effects on plant growth - Effects on soil structure and soil organisms - The effect of sanlity on specific crops - Land applications of saline tannery effluents - Salinity within current tanning practice - Hidden costs presently carried by the tanner - Salt free preservation of hides and skins - A major logistical shift - Time for change - Fig. 1 : Sanility tolerance of common field crops as a function of Electrical Conductivity of soil extract ECe dSm-1 - Fig. 2 : Impact of soil salinity on major crops in Nebraska as a function of Electrical Conductivity of soil extract ECe - Fig. 3 : Dry grain yield in relation to the average seasonal salinity in the standing water - Fig. 4 : Salinity tolerance of selected vegetables as a function of Electrical Conductivity of soil extract ECe En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/10Vb0bedXmt6SGBLqIuFddxXBpDpVc9Yc/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=32293 [article]

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Salinity : the elimination of salt from acid pickle / Richard Daniels in WORLD LEATHER, Vol. 18, N° 3 (05/2005)  

[article]  inWORLD LEATHER > Vol. 18, N° 3 (05/2005) . - p. 26-27 Titre : Salinity : the elimination of salt from acid pickle Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Richard Daniels, Auteur Année de publication : 2005 Article en page(s) : p. 26-27 Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Chlorure de sodium -- Suppression ou remplacement Chlorure de sodium Le chlorure de sodium est un composé chimique de formule NaCl. On l'appelle plus communément sel de table ou de cuisine, ou tout simplement sel dans le langage courant. C'est le principal produit dissous dans l'eau de mer ; on l'appelle alors sel marin. On l'obtient : dans des marais salants par évaporation de l'eau de mer, dans des mines, par extraction du sel gemme (halite) ou en le synthétisant lors de réactions à hautes températures entre du dichlore (Cl2) et du sodium métallique (Na). Le chlorure de sodium est utilisé dans l'industrie chimique pour produire du chlore, de la soude caustique et de l’hydrogène. Cuirs et peaux -- Industrie -- Aspect de l'environnement Déchets industriels -- Elimination Dioxyde de carbone Picklage Le picklage consiste à faire absorber à la peau en tripe une quantité importante d'acide, en présence de sel neutre (NaCl) pour réprimer le gonflement que provoquerait l'acidité du milieu. Tannage végétal Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : Issues concerning salinity have been presented. The main source is salt dissolved from salt-preserved hides and skins, which has been discussed in the previous paper "Salinity in the tanning sector: outcome, responsibilities and action". However, the pickling process generates 20% to 25% of the sodium chloride discharged from typical tannery. Some lowering is possible by recycling, but the level of pollution remains very significant. A number of salt-free techniques have been developed as an alternative. These have been the subject of earlier publication in World Leather and are listed under Additional Information on page 20. [The numbers that appear in square brackets below refer to this list]. But there are other techniques that should be given an overview and some of these are presented in brief. Note de contenu : - Low float pickle systems within chrome tannage - Carbon dioxide: an assist for chrome penetration at moderate pH - Commercial experience of non-salt pickle - Condictioning within vegetable tanning systems - Common factors in salt-free systems - Speculation - Control of existing systems - Fig. 1 : Swelling as a function of float: non-salt conditions at different pH values En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Otaanpt4Cd9titUiIY6TpDtzRNnGXziU/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=32294 [article]

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From ancient craft to stainless future in WORLD LEATHER, Vol. 18, N° 3 (05/2005)  

[article]  inWORLD LEATHER > Vol. 18, N° 3 (05/2005) . - p. 33-36 Titre : From ancient craft to stainless future Type de document : texte imprimé Année de publication : 2005 Article en page(s) : p. 33-36 Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Cuirs et peaux -- Appareils et matériels Foulons Tannage -- Appareils et matériels Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : Who invented the tanning drum? We would need to go a long , long way back in the history of our industry to find the tanner who first thought that processing could be accelerated by tumbling hides and skins in a chemical solution, rather than simply soaking them in pits. Historians may debate the origins of drum processing, but after a couple of centuries of increasing mechanisation in the tannery, the wooden drum is still alive ans well. Alternative technologies have been developed, and continue to evolve, but in the majority of the world's tanneries the wooden drum still holds sway. Before considering current developments and alternative machinery, it is worth considering the factors that make the wooden drum so successful for its purpose. The construction of the wooden tanning drum is a scaled-up, heavy-duty development of the ancient craft of barrel making. A watertight vessel is constructed from wooden staves joining two flat ends, clamped in position by circumferential steel bands or hoops. Hardwood is strong and resilient, especially when kept wet; it can resist the twisting stresses as the vessel is rotated, and the shock loads as hides are tumbled and dropped internally. Because wood swells when wetted, wooden vessels are self-sealing, and hardwoods such as teak are very resistant to the agressive chemicals used in the liming and tanning processes. Because of this remarkable fitness for purpose, well-constructed and maintained wooden tanning drums can have service lives of twenty years or more of constant daily use. The only shadow over the future of the wooden drum is the increasing scarcity of the tropical hardwoods needed to produce large vessels - such hardwoods are a finite resource and future supplies cannot be guaranteed indefinitely.Softwoods such as spruce or yellow pine can be used sucessfully for smalller drums up to around 2 metres diameter, but they lack strenght and have a shorter working life. Some manufacturers, such as Italprogetti, have turned to manufacturing large drums from plastics, braced and tied with steelwork like a wooden drum; these are claimed to give comparable strenght to wood with lighter construction, and are very easy to keep clean internally; the material does not absorb any of the float, and there is no possibility of cross-contamination between loads. Note de contenu : - Developments in wood - Gently does it - The rotating basket - Fig. 1 : Conventional 4.2 x 4.5 m wooden liming drums with side-sliding manual doors - Fig. 2 : Conventional 4 x 4 m wooden tanning drum with recirculation filter - Fig. 3 : Steel braced polypropylene conventional drum - Fig. 4 : Internal waskboards and pegs in polypropylene drum - Fig. 5 : "Flat pack" of wooden drum components ready for despatch. - Fig. 6 : Heavily braced "Cangilones" drum for retanning - Fig. 7 : Stainless tipping paddles in a shepskin tannery - Fig. 8 : Large static paddles are losing flavour due to high water usage - Fig. 9 : The internal spiral of the inclined "mixer" allows controlled unloading - Fig. 10 : Stainless steel Cangilones drums for retanning / dyeing - Fig. 11 : Wooden Cangilones drums for liming/tanning - Fig. 12 : A 3-compartment, "Y" - division dye drum in stainless steel, loading 1,800 kg shaved weight - Fig. 13 : Unimatik stainless "roating basket" vessel with hydraulic drive and door opening, loading 2,500 kg shaved weight - Fig. 14 : Vallero Propellor stainless "roating basket" vessel with motorised sliding door, loading 2,000 kg shaved weight - Fig. 15 : Unloading the Vallero Propellor En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/12ubQgG5VNvq1UPm35h3Tv0x-1bvGnnHm/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=32334 [article]

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Flat and predictable leather / Walter Landmann in WORLD LEATHER, Vol. 18, N° 3 (05/2005)  

[article]  inWORLD LEATHER > Vol. 18, N° 3 (05/2005) . - p. 29 Titre : Flat and predictable leather Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Walter Landmann, Auteur ; Richard Daniels, Auteur Année de publication : 2005 Article en page(s) : p. 29 Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Cuirs et peaux de bovins Homogénéisation (technologie) Peaux brutes -- Structure Surfaces (Physique) Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : Hides and skins are naturally rounded and fully contoured to the shape of the living animal. In addition the skin allows flexibility of movement and protection, but these needs vary according to the area being covered. Some parts, such as the belly areas, need no stretch easily while other areas, such as the butt and backbone, are thicker, denser and less exendable. One of the main leather making tasks is to produce a flat leather. However the leather must also show greater uniformity in terms of elasticity and shape retention to be useful as a material in the manufacture of an end product. The liming process starts to address the problems of curvature and separation of the fibre structure. This leads to a general flattering in the finished leather as the fibres can move more readily. Moreover, a major relaxation occurs during the fleshing operation as the membrane-like tissues are cut from the flesh side of the hide, as these restrict and confine movement. This is especially noticeable in the peripheral parts of the hide-bellies and shanks-and in the growthy neck areas. The hides relax further during the deliming/bating, and degreasing if appropriate, with the beefits largely maintained during the tanning process. If managed correctly, the process not only stabilises the hide, but also maintains a flat grain with minimised draw and growth. Note de contenu : - Stretch : aiming for cross-hide uniformity - Shape retention and set - Additional information - Panel EI/I : The effects of splitting/shaving to substance En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1CC4umEFzhtoqcEJUyMhZD0RS0_y3lhfh/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=32461 [article]

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Water within the skin structure / Richard Daniels in WORLD LEATHER, Vol. 18, N° 3 (05/2005)  

[article]  inWORLD LEATHER > Vol. 18, N° 3 (05/2005) . - p. 30 Titre : Water within the skin structure Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Richard Daniels, Auteur ; Walter Landmann, Auteur Année de publication : 2005 Article en page(s) : p. 30 Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Cuirs et peaux -- Analyse Cuirs et peaux -- Teneur en eau Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : Water plays a major role within the living skin, in making leather, and the manufacture and behaviour of the final product. Nevertheless, the way that water is held within the structure, and the changes that take place in chemical processing, drying and ageing are not understood in fine detail. Note de contenu : - Water in the living skin - The effects of removing water - Replacing water as a lubricant - The role of water within physical change En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Af8eIItOYRBLyILtIoJX3VsxQyq57_dC/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=32462 [article]

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Polyphosphates with salt-free pickle systems / Thomas Schauwecker in WORLD LEATHER, Vol. 18, N° 3 (05/2005)  

[article]  inWORLD LEATHER > Vol. 18, N° 3 (05/2005) . - p. 19 Titre : Polyphosphates with salt-free pickle systems Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Thomas Schauwecker, Auteur Année de publication : 2005 Article en page(s) : p. 19 Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Cuirs et peaux Formulation (Génie chimique) Phosphorique, Acide L’acide phosphorique est un composé chimique de formule H3PO4. C'est un oxoacide trifonctionnel (triacide) important en chimie inorganique et fondamental en biochimie. Il s'agit d'un acide minéral obtenu par traitement de roches phosphatées ou par combustion du phosphore. À température ambiante, l'acide phosphorique est un solide cristallin de densité 1,83, qui fond à 42,35 °C. Il constitue la matière première de base pour la production de phosphates (ou sels phosphatés). Picklage Le picklage consiste à faire absorber à la peau en tripe une quantité importante d'acide, en présence de sel neutre (NaCl) pour réprimer le gonflement que provoquerait l'acidité du milieu. Polyphosphate Un polyphosphate est un sel ou un ester d'oxyanions polymères formés à partir d'unités structurales tétraédriques PO 4 (phosphate) liées entre elles par le partage d'atomes d'oxygène. Les polyphosphates peuvent adopter des structures cycliques linéaires ou cycliques. En biologie, les esters polyphosphates ADP et ATP sont impliqués dans le stockage de l'énergie. Une variété de polyphosphates trouvent une application dans la séquestration des minéraux dans les eaux municipales, étant généralement présents à 1 à 5 ppm. GTP, CTP et UTP sont également des nucléotides importants dans la synthèse des protéines, la synthèse des lipides et le métabolisme des glucides, respectivement. Les polyphosphates sont également utilisés comme additifs alimentaires, marqués E452. (Wikipedia) Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : Products based on condensed phosphates (polyphosphates) with different chain lengths, organic side molecules and pH values are used in the leather industry. Applications include the soaking of hides and skins, as a dispersant for lime during the liming process, avoiding lime blast, and within deliming and bating. In addition uses are found in neutralising, retanning and the removal of iron stains. En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1q1isuW_q2fMQYj5yCHc_Yhh5BMd9dW79/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=39426 [article]

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