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Titre : 2023 FAO methane report Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Karl Flowers, Auteur Année de publication : 2023 Article en page(s) : p. 34-36 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Agriculture
Atmosphère -- Pollution -- Lutte contre
Gaz à effet de serre -- Réduction
MéthaneIndex. décimale : 577.27 Les effets de l'action humaine sur l'écologie : différents types de pollution Résumé : The Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations' (FAO) 2023 report on methane is big. It endeavours to be the most comprehensive and current resource for the discourse on methane from livestock and rice sources. That can be read as: what was written before this report should be considered but will have its work cut out to replace the content of this report. Note de contenu : - Main topics
- Mitigation
- LCA modellingEn ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Moq_8yqHJkfCO3Kl0dBKZhPfkCuFu0SE/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=40207
in INTERNATIONAL LEATHER MAKER (ILM) > N° 62 (11-12/2023) . - p. 34-36[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 24298 - Périodique Bibliothèque principale Documentaires Disponible Advances in biodegradability / Karl Flowers in INTERNATIONAL LEATHER MAKER (ILM), N° 60 (07-08/2023)
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Titre : Advances in biodegradability Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Karl Flowers, Auteur Année de publication : 2023 Article en page(s) : p. 62-64 Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Cuirs et peaux -- Biodégradation Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : One thing is clear - a beautiful way that leather can compete against alternative materials is through its biodegradability. As mentioned before, not all leathers are biodegradable, especially as the plastic content of the surface coating increases. Carceone et al. (2023) has shown that leather has a high biogenic carbon content, white alternatives are essentially petroleum-based plastic.
Many of the petroleum-based plastics do not break down in aerobic or anaerobic conditions, persist in the environnent and could ultimately contribute to the increasing problem of micro and nano-plastics. Of the other materials showcased in the 2023 study, Carceone et al. showed that some new materials include biogenic carbon - with many of these based on cellulosic materials from waste plant sources. Industrial composting or anaerobic digestion can break these materials down, especially at high temperatures, e.g. polylactic acid coated cellulosic fibres. Contradictory reports exist for die breakdown of modified cellulosic fibres, such as Tencel, with some reports saying it can biodegrade and others that say it takes a timespan longer than 112 days to reach 60% in soil.
As reported previously, die speed of leather breakdown in composting always follows the following hierarchy : chromium-free > chromium-tanned > vegetable tanned. Adding vegetable tanning agents in die retannage slows down the breakdown of chromium-tanned leathers significantly. Chromium-free leathers, especially "half-tannages',' can result in complete breakdowns of leather (and their leather product articles) in less than 14 days - making them very exciting for supply chains with circularity in mind.Note de contenu : - Regenerative end-of-life
- Testing
- Future
- Table 1 : Current leather (or adopted) methodsEn ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1_yuRuldmK4MDF6n4NL1IxOv1UcbggQ2S/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=39550
in INTERNATIONAL LEATHER MAKER (ILM) > N° 60 (07-08/2023) . - p. 62-64[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 24083 - Périodique Bibliothèque principale Documentaires Disponible
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Titre : Air emissions Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Karl Flowers, Auteur Année de publication : 2021 Article en page(s) : p. 54-58 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Atmosphère -- Pollution
Composés organiques volatils
Cuirs et peaux -- Industrie -- Aspect de l'environnement
Gaz à effet de serre
Polluants atmosphériques
solvantsIndex. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : While manufacturing leather, it is inevitable that the facility will produce air emissions that will enter the environment. Responsible facilities will be concerned about that environmental impact and will mitigate, prevent, or substitute chemicals (or alter) production to lower their impacts. The air emissions fall into the following groupings :
1. Boiler incinerator emissions (oxides of nitrogen, NON ; oxides of sulphur, SOI ; 2.5 pm particulate matter, PM2 5 ; 10 pm particulate matter, PMI°, dioxins, and furans).
2. Beamhouse emissions (hydrogen sulphide, H2S ; ammonia, NH3 ; chlorine dioxide, C102, and SOI).
3. Dry-cleaning emissions (dichloromethane, tetrachloromethane/ perchloroethylene, and trichloroethane/ trichloroethylene).
4. Surface coating emissions (volatile organic compounds, (VOCs), listed later, and monomeric polymers).
5. Waste emissions (carbon monoxide, CO ; carbon dioxide, CO2 ; methane, CH4 ; ozone, 03; NON, water vapour, H2O ; nitrogen, N2, H25, and SOI).
Many of the emissions given above will be classified as greenhouse gases which means that as the enter the earth's atmosphere, they increase the global warming ability of the air (through their alteration of the radiative effects of these substances in the atmosphere). The most notable direct gases emitted by tanneries can be listed as greenhouse gases are : CO2, CH4, 03, nitrous oxide, N20, and H2O.Note de contenu : - Tanneries and surface coating emissions
- Table 1 : Pollutants listed in industry benchmarks and AQGs
- Table 2 : Solvents and volatile organic compounds (VOC) listed in industry benchmarks and AQGsEn ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-AW5_xl2BQZ_KcuTK-_zMRviqb1p64sw/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=36196
in INTERNATIONAL LEATHER MAKER (ILM) > N° 49 (09-10/2021) . - p. 54-58[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 22863 - Périodique Bibliothèque principale Documentaires Disponible Alternative materials to leather update 2022 / Karl Flowers in INTERNATIONAL LEATHER MAKER (ILM), N° 55 (09-10/2022)
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Titre : Alternative materials to leather update 2022 Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Karl Flowers, Auteur Année de publication : 2022 Article en page(s) : p. 64-70 Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Composites
Cuir reconstitué
Enduction textile
Textiles et tissus
Tissés
TricotTags : Cuir 'Matériaux alternatifs' Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : In the past, ILM has written about the latest alternative materials that were beginning to circulate with brands and manufacturers (Flowers, 2018). A myriad of new materials has flooded onto the market and early data suggests that, instead of them disrupting the leather market, they have in fact started impacting the 3.1 trillion sq m synthetic material market. In trying to copy leather, the leather alternative companies find that their consumers seem to identify with their materials more as synthetic materials, rather than genuine leather alternatives.
Litre the altemative-to-meat market, the alternative materials just simply cannot seem to impress the final consumer and, as a result, their performance are stinging investors who cannot seem to draw out a dividend of these start-up companies due to falling share values and poor cash flows.
The materials can be broadly categorised as follows :
- Reconstituted leather composites
- Materials that are woven, knitted or composited (with a coating, as the coating or without a coating)
- Grown sheets (or grown and re-composited).
The history of these materials goes back to the middle of the last century when materials were cast, calendared (formed between two rollers) or coated onto a textile underlay. The early materials were based on polyvinyl chloride and were usually coated onto a woven textile backing (for strength). Early materials were not breathable and were replaced in some instances with poromeric materials (materials that had deliberate pores impregnated into the structure).
The use of leather fibre wastes was also inevitably going to see beneficiation into fabricated sheets that were bonded together to resemble genuine leathers. Coated, laminated and heavily finished leathers also meant that tanners could move low-grade materials through their factory. Foils, laminates and corrected grain finishes produced a range of synthetic-looking materials that blurred what the consumer could discern as leather or not.Note de contenu : - Reconstituted leather fibres
- Woven/knitted/composites/coated textiles
- Woven/knitted
- Compositing
- Misleading ingredient composition
- Gown sheets (or grown and re-composited)En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1genlk30WeHpT4cc-zaGmFyeAuQu5odlg/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=38117
in INTERNATIONAL LEATHER MAKER (ILM) > N° 55 (09-10/2022) . - p. 64-70[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 23578 - Périodique Bibliothèque principale Documentaires Disponible Aluminium update for leather / Karl Flowers in INTERNATIONAL LEATHER MAKER (ILM), N° 54 (07-08/2022)
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Titre : Aluminium update for leather Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Karl Flowers, Auteur Année de publication : 2022 Article en page(s) : p. 34-36 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Aluminium L'aluminium est un élément chimique, de symbole Al et de numéro atomique 13. C’est un métal pauvre, malléable, de couleur argent, qui est remarquable pour sa résistance à l’oxydation13 et sa faible densité. C'est le métal le plus abondant de l'écorce terrestre et le troisième élément le plus abondant après l'oxygène et le silicium ; il représente en moyenne 8 % de la masse des matériaux de la surface solide de notre planète. L'aluminium est trop réactif pour exister à l'état natif dans le milieu naturel : on le trouve au contraire sous forme combinée dans plus de 270 minéraux différents, son minerai principal étant la bauxite, où il est présent sous forme d’oxyde hydraté dont on extrait l’alumine. Il peut aussi être extrait de la néphéline, de la leucite, de la sillimanite, de l'andalousite et de la muscovite.
L'aluminium métallique est très oxydable, mais est immédiatement passivé par une fine couche d'alumine Al2O3 imperméable de quelques micromètres d'épaisseur qui protège la masse métallique de la corrosion. On parle de protection cinétique, par opposition à une protection thermodynamique, car l’aluminium reste en tout état de cause très sensible à l'oxydation. Cette résistance à la corrosion et sa remarquable légèreté en ont fait un matériau très utilisé industriellement.
L'aluminium est un produit industriel important, sous forme pure ou alliée, notamment dans l'aéronautique, les transports et la construction. Sa nature réactive en fait également un catalyseur et un additif dans l'industrie chimique ; il est ainsi utilisé pour accroître la puissance explosive du nitrate d'ammonium.
Ions métalliques
Précipitation (chimie)
Sels métalliques
Tannage minéralTannage dans lequel interviennent différents minéraux. Le plus répandu est le tannage aux sels de chrome, mais aussi à l’aluminiumIndex. décimale : 675.2 Préparation du cuir naturel. Tannage Résumé : There is still a lot of misleading information that exists concerning aluminium. Aluminium is the lightest metal and is often referred to as a light metal. It is extremely common on earth and forms one of the main metal constituents in soil, particularly clay. Kaolin, a well-known clay, has the chemical formula Al2 (OH)4Si2O5. Aluminium metal reacts very rapidly to form an aluminium oxide, Al2O3.
Like all metals, aluminium's use has risen rapidly since the late 1800s, particularly since the industrial revolution. A distinction must be made between the metal, the ion and its salts.Note de contenu : - Metal, ion, and salt
- Dementia and breast cancer
- Aluminium and leather
- Fig. 1 : Aluminium, a silver-coloured metal
- Fig. 3 : Aluminium precipitation
- Fig. 4 : Fraction of soluble AlEn ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1h5nGcUD4o6ERJPuNkpOowi0VKP3EkWhL/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=37949
in INTERNATIONAL LEATHER MAKER (ILM) > N° 54 (07-08/2022) . - p. 34-36[article]Réservation
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 23483 - Périodique Bibliothèque principale Documentaires Disponible Animal welfare and the five freedoms / Karl Flowers in INTERNATIONAL LEATHER MAKER (ILM), N° 49 (09-10/2021)
PermalinkPermalinkAuto interior material types / Abigail Clare in INTERNATIONAL LEATHER MAKER (ILM), N° 53 (05-06/2022)
PermalinkAutomotive leather remanufacturing / Karl Flowers in INTERNATIONAL LEATHER MAKER (ILM), N° 47 (05-06/2021)
PermalinkPermalinkPermalinkBiocidal products regulation / Karl Flowers in INTERNATIONAL LEATHER MAKER (ILM), N° 60 (07-08/2023)
PermalinkPermalinkBiodegradable automotive finishes / Karl Flowers in INTERNATIONAL LEATHER MAKER (ILM), N° 41 (05-06/2020)
PermalinkPermalinkPermalinkPermalinkCan hides be more than leather ? / Karl Flowers in INTERNATIONAL LEATHER MAKER (ILM), N° 60 (07-08/2023)
PermalinkPermalinkCan machines calculate carbon ? / Karl Flowers in INTERNATIONAL LEATHER MAKER (ILM), N° 64 (03-04/2024)
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