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The deterioration of leather / Roy Thomson in JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC), Vol. 90, N° 4 (07-08/2006)  

[article]  inJOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC) > Vol. 90, N° 4 (07-08/2006) . - p. 137-145 Titre : The deterioration of leather Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Roy Thomson, Auteur Année de publication : 2006 Article en page(s) : p. 137-145 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Cuirs et peaux -- Détérioration Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : The main causes of deterioration of leather are reviewed, particularly with reference to museums and other heritage collections. Damage caused by bacteria, fungi, insects and vertebrates is described, as are the methods of eradication. Physical damage arising from the hygroscopic nature of leather and other skin products is discussed. The factors leading to the type of chemical decay termed red rot are analysed and the role of oxidation and hydrolysis is considered. The final section deals briefly with the treatment of chemically degraded leather with aluminium alkoxide. Note de contenu : - Biological deterioration : Bacteria - Fungi - Insects - Vertebrates - Physical deterioration - Chemical deterioration - Oxydation or hydrolysis ? - Agents of deterioration - Treatments for red rotted leather En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1KiNikQga6ss0teFuYGzkrDzpTgfzqN-u/view?usp=share [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=39111 [article]

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Study of cleaning materials and methods for stains on parchment / Gomaa Abdel-Maksoud in JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC), Vol. 90, N° 4 (07-08/2006)  

[article]  inJOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC) > Vol. 90, N° 4 (07-08/2006) . - p. 146-154 Titre : Study of cleaning materials and methods for stains on parchment Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Gomaa Abdel-Maksoud, Auteur Année de publication : 2006 Article en page(s) : p. 146-154 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Colorimétrie Cuir -- Nettoyage Cuirs et peaux -- Analyse Cuirs et peaux -- Propriétés mécaniques Essais accélérés (technologie) Evaluation Morphologie (matériaux) Parchemin Taches Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : Parchment is a very beautiful material; very strong but also very fragile in an unsuitable storage environment. Actually, as regards to the dust and grime accumulated in normal museums and library storage, the cleaning of parchment is a fairly simple task. Stains on parchment which are due to damp, dust, mould, ink, colour migration and etc. are a problem for conservators, but with care and patience may usually be treated successfully. This study uses artificial stains (similar to the natural stains, which can be found on historical parchment) on new and aged parchment (prepared by the author) to evaluate the materials and methods used in cleaning processes. The advantages and disadvantages of bleaching materials used after a cleaning process were also recorded. Colour was measured by spectrophotometer and the surface morphology examined by the use of a scanning electron microscope. Mechanical properties were determined and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis was also used to evaluate the cleaning materials and methods.The results have shown that mechanical cleaning methods have certain advantages for the object since nothing is added during the cleaning. In chemical cleaning, water should not be used alone but must be used mixed with an organic solvent. Mechanical cleaning methods are safer than chemical cleaning methods. Note de contenu : - MATERIALS AND METHODS : New parchment - Artificial stains applied on new parchment - Stain application details - Accelerated ageing - Cleaning materials and methods - EVALUATION METHODS - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION : Change of colour - Investigation of the surface morphology by SEM - Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis - Elemental levels compared to control sample - Mechanical properties En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1f_YIyVqRzh089TQbCcvU8s-37BAQjx1B/view?usp=share [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=39112 [article]

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Influence of fatliquoring on flammability of leather / Huang Zan in JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC), Vol. 90, N° 4 (07-08/2006)  

[article]  inJOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC) > Vol. 90, N° 4 (07-08/2006) . - p. 155-158 Titre : Influence of fatliquoring on flammability of leather Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Huang Zan, Auteur ; Li Lixin, Auteur ; Wuyong Chen, Auteur ; Haibing Gui, Auteur Année de publication : 2006 Article en page(s) : p. 155-158 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Cuirs et peaux -- Teneur en matières grasses Cuirs et peaux de porcs Essais de comportement au feu Huiles et graisses -- Propriétés physiques Huiles sulfatées Huiles sulfitées Inflammabilité Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : The influences of seven kinds of oils on the flammability of pig chrome leather have been studied. The flammability of the fatliquored leathers was evaluated by the vertical flame test and Oxygen Index Test. The results show that the 7 oils increase the fire resistance of leather. The effect is especially shown by sulphated oils which have a more apparent effect than sulphited oils. The leathers which were fatliquored with sulphited fish oil, sulphated neatsfoot oil and lecithin have a stronger glow resistance than the leathers either not fatliquored or treated with other oils. The results should supply a basis for the preparation of fire-resistant leather. Note de contenu : - EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE : Materials - Methods of test - Preparation of fatliquored leather samples - Determination of fat content in leather - Sampling for oxygen index test and vertical flame test - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION : Physical properties of fatliquors - Fat content of fatliquored leather - Flammability of fatliquored leather - Vertical flame test - Oxygen Index - Table 1 : Retanning process - Table 2 : Fatliquoring process - Table 3 : Properties of fatliquoring agents - Table 4 : Flammability of the leathers fatliquored with different oils - Vertical Flame Test and Oxygen Index En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PGJhjcFnHkP0-2CYpqXwIit-bun4AVgb/view?usp=share [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=39113 [article]

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Synthesis and application of fluorinated acrylate copolymer as a retanning agent / Jin Liqiang in JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC), Vol. 90, N° 4 (07-08/2006)  

[article]  inJOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC) > Vol. 90, N° 4 (07-08/2006) . - p.159-163 Titre : Synthesis and application of fluorinated acrylate copolymer as a retanning agent Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Jin Liqiang, Auteur ; Li Yanchun, Auteur ; Xu Qinghua, Auteur Année de publication : 2006 Article en page(s) : p.159-163 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Agents de tannage Allongement à la rupture Caractérisation Copolymères -- Synthèse Copolymères acrylates fluorés Cuirs et peaux -- Propriétés mécaniques Cuirs et peaux -- Propriétés physiques Formulation (Génie chimique) Perméabilité Polyaddition Résistance à l'humidité:Résistance à l'eau Résistance à la traction Retannage Tannage synthétique Index. décimale : 675.2 Préparation du cuir naturel. Tannage Résumé : A fluorinated acrylate copolymer of dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (FA) and methacrylic acid (MAA) has been synthesized by free radical copolymerization using azobisisobutyronitrile as the catalyst at 75°C for 6hrs in dioxane. The structure of this copolymer was characterized by Fourier transformation infrared spectrum (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The characteristics and effects of the copolymer as a retanning material have been investigated by measuring such physical/mechanical indexes as the tensile strength, thickness increment ratio, elongation at break, static water resistance and air permeability Instrumental analysis such as scanning electron microscopy and X-ray energy spectrum (SEM-EDAX) was also employed. The results indicate that this fluorinated acrylate copolymer tanning agent has good filling cum retanning ability and can improve the treated leather’s physical/mechanical properties and water repellency. Note de contenu : - EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE : Materials - Preparation of the copolymer - Characterization of the copolymer - APPLICATION FORMULATIONS : Determination of leather properties - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION : Synthesis of copolymer - Application results - Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray energy spectrum (SEM-EDAX) examination - Table 1 : The reaction conditions and results for preparing Poly (FA-co-MAA) - Table 2 : Retanning and fatliquoring formulation of blue goat shoe leather - Table 3 : The composition of Poly (FA-co-MAA) - Table 4 : Physical and mechanical properties of leather treated by fluorinated acrylic polymer - Table 5 : The elemental analysis results through SEM-EDAX En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PHFsxXJ59Xvb2-q630r7ui_01idTr8aU/view?usp=share [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=39114 [article]

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The activity of the hair follicle and its relation to the defects of the grain layer / M. L. Garro in JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC), Vol. 90, N° 4 (07-08/2006)  

[article]  inJOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC) > Vol. 90, N° 4 (07-08/2006) . - p. 164-168 Titre : The activity of the hair follicle and its relation to the defects of the grain layer Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : M. L. Garro, Auteur ; Carlos S. Cantera, Auteur ; B. C. Galarza, Auteur Année de publication : 2006 Article en page(s) : p. 164-168 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Cuirs et peaux -- Défauts Cuirs et peaux de bovins Follicule pileux Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : Practices in the tanning industry may result in the occurrence of possible damage on the grain surface and grain layer that can spoil the quality of leather. The so called ‘large follicle defect,’ a natural damage associated with the characteristics of coat and the hair growth cycle, is a defect attracting the attention of researchers because of its morphological characteristic distribution and periodicity in wet-blue, semi-finished, finished, full grain and corrected grain leathers. Due to the lack of information on this defect in journals concerning leather making and to the need to understand the nature of the defect with the purpose of guiding process modifications to minimize its adverse effects, follicle rhythm and details are considered in this report. Knowledge of hair follicle activity and the correlation between coat shedding and the variation in environmental conditions during the seasons of the year consolidate the hypothesis that the defect is associated with the natural process of hair shedding. This is particularly observed in the phase during which shedding reaches its maximum levels and it is related to the hair deeply anchored in the grain layer during the progress of the Telogen and the Anagen phases (evolution of the shedding hair and expulsion of inactive hair). Note de contenu : - Description and explanation of the defect : Naked eye observation - Observation under binocular magnifier (x50) and light microscope (x100) - The purpose of the article - Considerations about the activity of hair follicles : Hair follicle growth cycle - Determination of the activity state of hair follicle - Hypothesis on the cause of the ‘large follicle defect’ and possible growth pattern in the bovine hide - Final remarks En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/12seYp4QBMHG7wj8B5upUKP-9040X3sVe/view?usp=share [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=39115 [article]

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Fungal biotransformation of bovine hair. Part 2 : Biomass and proteases produced as a function of incubation time. Assessment of hair waste digestion / B. C. Galarza in JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC), Vol. 90, N° 4 (07-08/2006)  

[article]  inJOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC) > Vol. 90, N° 4 (07-08/2006) . - p. 169-172 Titre : Fungal biotransformation of bovine hair. Part 2 : Biomass and proteases produced as a function of incubation time. Assessment of hair waste digestion Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : B. C. Galarza, Auteur ; L. M. Goya, Auteur ; M. L. Garro, Auteur ; J. Mercerat, Auteur ; R. A. Hours, Auteur ; Carlos S. Cantera, Auteur Année de publication : 2006 Article en page(s) : p. 169-172 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Cuirs et peaux Cystine La cystine est un acide aminé composé de deux unités cystéine liées par un pont disulfure. Déchets -- Valorisation Détérioration fongique Epilage Microscopie Peptidases Poils -- Biodégradation Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : Unlike the conventional hair-saving unhairing processes, the modern processes considerably reduce the organic load from the beamhouse liquid effluent and yet a partially degraded 'hair waste' is generated, which has to be properly disposed of. It is estimated that a tannery processing 25 ton of salted cow hides will recover about 2.5 ton of wet hair per day. As was mentioned in the first part of the series 'Fungal biotransformation of bovine hair' the aim of our activities is to produce structural changes in the ‘hair waste’ using it as a solid substrate for the growth of the fungal species Trichophyton ajelloi and therefore weakening the keratinís resistance to hydrolysis processes. A strain of this microorganism, which was isolated from a Yak yard, has proved to be able to generate an enzymatic system capable of degrading hair keratin by means of specific proteases: the keratinases. Fungal activity also gave place to an enzymatic extract with activity upon the protein substrates of the epidermis and dermis of bovine hide. It should be noted that reports on fungal pathogenesis indicated that Trichophyton ajelloi presents no pathogenicity for men or animals. Upgrading the 'hair waste' by fungal biotransformation implies considering it as a raw material and not taking the current modality of 'throwing away proteins' to the soil (cost of transport and disposal of waste in landfills). Biodegradation offers on the one hand the attractive concept of 'feedback' since hair is the solid substrate upon which fungi act generating a degraded organic waste and a protein extract with proteolytic activity (keratinolytic among others) whose unhairing activity is evaluated. On the other hand an intermediate stage would be generated in the transformation of the ‘hair waste’ with potential uses in vermiculture and vermicompost. Note de contenu : - OBJECTIVES - MATERIALS AND METHODS : Culture conditions of the microorganism - Analytical techniques - Assessment of the degree of digestion of the ‘hair waste’ - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION : Microscopy observations - Assessment of digestibility - Cystine assessment in the ultrafiltered crude extract - Final remarks - Table 1 : Hair digestibility En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1fYmDuf6dOPGGOroT0Iv-Raf9r9NFKTRb/view?usp=share [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=39116 [article]

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A comprehensive fuzzy evaluation method for leather softness based on its lastometer property / Huang Xun in JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC), Vol. 90, N° 4 (07-08/2006)  

[article]  inJOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC) > Vol. 90, N° 4 (07-08/2006) . - p. 173-175 Titre : A comprehensive fuzzy evaluation method for leather softness based on its lastometer property Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Huang Xun, Auteur ; Zhang Xiaolei, Auteur ; Yong Zhang, Auteur ; Deming Qian, Auteur Année de publication : 2006 Article en page(s) : p. 173-175 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Analyse sensorielle Cuir Cuirs et peaux -- Analyse Douceur (toucher) Evaluation Logique floue Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : Leather softness is always evaluated fuzzily. In this paper the fuzzy comprehensive method is given which is based on the leather’s lastometer property under different loads. Fuzzy analysis theory is used to evaluate the softness quantitatively, scientifically and objectively. Note de contenu : - FUZZY COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION METHOD : 1) Define comment set V=[v1, v2, ...., vn] - 2) Set up the evaluation factor set U=[u1, u2, ....,um] - 3) Define the weighting coefficients of the evaluation factors - 4) Evaluation based on single factor - 5) Comprehensive evaluation - APPLICATION EXAMPLE - Table 1 : Evaluation factors and corresponding weight coefficients in fuzzy comprehensive me - Table 2 : The corresponding grades of membership of factors H1 and H2 - Table 3 : The corresponding grades of membership of factors H3 and H - Table 4 : The corresponding grades of membership of factors H5 and H6 - Table 5 : Lastometer heights of one leather sample under the six different loads En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/195VY9DRiyW800sxeGe9ONcLFJdhVna9v/view?usp=share [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=39117 [article]

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