An integrated eco-friendly tanning method for the manufacture of upper leathers from goatskins / Subramanian Saravanabhavan in JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC), Vol. 87, N° 4 (07-08/2003)  

[article]  inJOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC) > Vol. 87, N° 4 (07-08/2003) . - p. 149-158 Titre : An integrated eco-friendly tanning method for the manufacture of upper leathers from goatskins Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Subramanian Saravanabhavan, Auteur ; Rathinam Aravindhan, Auteur ; Palanisamy Thanikaivelan, Auteur ; B. Chandrasekaran, Auteur ; Jonnalagadda Raghava Rao, Auteur ; Balachandran Unni Nair, Auteur Année de publication : 2003 Article en page(s) : p. 149-158 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Coût-Efficacité Cuir -- teneur en chrome Cuirs et peaux de chèvres Déchets -- Réduction Eau -- Consommation -- Réduction Eaux usées -- Analyse Epilage enzymatique Tannage au chrome Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : Present leather-making processes cause difficulties, with regard to their perceived environmental impact. Pre-tanning and tanning processes contribute more than 90% of the total pollution load from leather processing. Conventional process methods subject the skin to wide variations in pH. Such pH changes, lead to salt formation which results in a net increase in COD, TDS, chlorides, sulphates and chromium levels in tannery wastewaters. In this study, a three-step process sequence has been explored to limit the pH range in leather processing to between 4.0-8.0. A sequence of operations, viz. enzyme unhairing, NaOH based fibre opening and pickle-less chrome tanning produces leathers matching the functional performance of conventionally processed leathers but leading to substantial environmental benefits in the reduction of COD and total solids by 43 and 70%, respectively. Water consumption for processing is reduced to 17.81/Kg raw hide. The process sequence explored appears to be economically viable. Note de contenu : - EXPERIMENTAL METHODS : - Standardisation of dehairing process - Standardisation of opening up of fibre bundles - Experimental tanning process (E) - Conventional tanning process (C, as followed in India) - EXAMINATION OF THE LEATHERS : - Input-output analysis - Scanning electron microscopic examination - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION : - Standardisation of dehairing system - Standardisation of NaOH for opening up of fibre bundles - INTEGRATED THREE STEP TANNING PROCESS : AN APPRAISAL - Softness measurements - Scanning electron microscopic analysis - Chromium in leather - OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTIVE METHODS OF EVALUATION OF THE LEATHER - Strength characteristics - Tactile properties - Environmental benefits - Techno-economic viability - INPUT-OUTPUT AUDIT OF THE EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL PROCESS control process - Table 1 : Composition of depilatory mixture* for different methods of application - Table 2 : Extent of swelling and cross section pH of the pelts from preliminary fibre opening trials - Table 3 : Compression measurement and gradient data for control (C) and experimental (E) crust Leathers - Table 4 : Comparison of chromium content in wet blue leathers from control (C) and experimental (E) processes - Table 5 : Physical testing data of control (C) and experimental (E) leathers - Table 6 : Composite liquor analysis - Table 7 : Comparison of water requirement and discharge for control (C) and experimental (E) leather processing of 1 kg raw skins - Table 8 : Time and power consumption for the conventional (C) and experimental tanning (E) processes - Table 9 : Cost estimates of the conventional (C) and experimental tanning (E) processes - Table 10 : Input-output audit for both control and experimental process En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jxj7vQuxr9IAA_lOPXzd04eZ-44Kkiva/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=39771 [article]

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Combination of white minerals with natural tannins : chrome-free tannage for garment leathers / Subramanian Saravanabhavan in JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC), Vol. 88, N° 2 (03-04/2004)  

[article]  inJOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC) > Vol. 88, N° 2 (03-04/2004) . - p. 76-81 Titre : Combination of white minerals with natural tannins : chrome-free tannage for garment leathers Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Subramanian Saravanabhavan, Auteur ; N. N. Fathima, Auteur ; J. R. Rao, Auteur ; B. U. Nair, Auteur Année de publication : 2004 Article en page(s) : p. 76-81 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Cuirs et peaux -- Propriétés physiques Liqueurs de tannage -- Analyse Silice La silice est la forme naturelle du dioxyde de silicium (SiO2) qui entre dans la composition de nombreux minéraux. La silice existe à l'état libre sous différentes formes cristallines ou amorphes et à l'état combiné dans les silicates, les groupes SiO2 étant alors liés à d'autres atomes (Al : Aluminium, Fe : Fer, Mg : Magnésium, Ca : Calcium, Na : Sodium, K : Potassium...). Les silicates sont les constituants principaux du manteau et de l'écorce terrestre. La silice libre est également très abondante dans la nature, sous forme de quartz, de calcédoine et de terre de diatomée. La silice représente 60,6 % de la masse de la croûte terrestre continentale. Tanins Tannage minéral Tannage dans lequel interviennent différents minéraux. Le plus répandu est le tannage aux sels de chrome, mais aussi à l’aluminium Température de retrait Zinc Index. décimale : 675.2 Préparation du cuir naturel. Tannage Résumé : There is a growing need for eco-benign tanning systems owing to stringent environmental regulations. In this present study, a new combination tanning system using zinc, tannic acid and silica has been explored for the manufacture of garment leathers. The amounts of zinc, tannic acid and silica used have been optimised as 10, 10 and 5% respectively. The shrinkage temperature of the leathers obtained is 85°C. The impact of this tanning system on the environment has been assessed by analysing the effluent liquor for zinc, sulphate, BOD, COD and TDS. A significant reduction in BOD, COD and TDS loads has been achieved and the exhaustion of zinc is about 90%. The organoleptic and the strength properties of the garment leathers made using this combination system are generally comparable to those of conventional chrome tanned leather. Note de contenu : - EXPERIMENTAL METHODS : Materials - Optimization of the amount of zinc, tannic acid and silica for pickle-less tanning - TANNING TRIALS : Physical examination - Analysis of spent tan liquor - Scanning Electron Microscopic examination - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION : Optimization of zinc, tannic acid and silicate for pickle-less tanning - ECO-BENIGN IMPACT - Table 1 : Optimization of tannic acid - Table 2 : Optimization of zinc sulphate with and without 10% tannic acid - Table 3 : Shrinkage temperature of leathers tanned using zinc sulphate (10%), tannic acid (10%) with varying amount of sodium metasilicate - Table 4 : Shrinkage temperature of leathers tanned using sodium metasilicate (5%), tannic acid (10%) with varying amount of zinc sulphate - Table 5 : Shrinkage temperature of leathers tanned using sodium metasilicate (5%), zinc sulphate (10%) with varying amount of tannic acid - Table 6 : Physical testing data of control (C) and experimental (E) leathers - Table 7 : Characteristics of spent tan liquor En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1tbULNTNE_NwX8bvsqtGw7SPm7W0fS3ZM/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=39646 [article]

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Green solution for salinity in tannery wastewater : a step forward in leather processing / Subramanian Saravanabhavan in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. CIX, N° 7 (07/2014)  

[article]  inJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA) > Vol. CIX, N° 7 (07/2014) . - p. 214-223 Titre : Green solution for salinity in tannery wastewater : a step forward in leather processing Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Subramanian Saravanabhavan, Auteur ; Punitha Velmurugan, Auteur ; Jonnalagadda Raghava Rao, Auteur ; Balachandran Unni Nair, Auteur Année de publication : 2014 Article en page(s) : p. 214-223 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Américain (ame) Catégories : Chlorure de sodium Le chlorure de sodium est un composé chimique de formule NaCl. On l'appelle plus communément sel de table ou de cuisine, ou tout simplement sel dans le langage courant. C'est le principal produit dissous dans l'eau de mer ; on l'appelle alors sel marin. On l'obtient : dans des marais salants par évaporation de l'eau de mer, dans des mines, par extraction du sel gemme (halite) ou en le synthétisant lors de réactions à hautes températures entre du dichlore (Cl2) et du sodium métallique (Na). Le chlorure de sodium est utilisé dans l'industrie chimique pour produire du chlore, de la soude caustique et de l’hydrogène. Cuirs et peaux -- Analyse Cuirs et peaux -- Conservation Eaux usées -- Epuration Eaux usées -- Teneur en sels Hydroxyproline Polyéthylène glycol Index. décimale : 675.2 Préparation du cuir naturel. Tannage Résumé : The conventional leather processing method contributes to high salinity in wastewater due to the discharge of enormous amount of salts used for preservation. Hence, an attempt has been made to replace the salt with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to reduce the salinity in tannery wastewater. The molecular weight (MW) and percentage offer of PEG were standardized based on the rate of dehydration of hide matrix during preservation and rehydration of preserved hide matrix. The determination of hydroxyproline in spent soak liquors at various time periods during storage showed that the preservation of hides using PEG MW 2000 was more effective than sodium chloride. The reduction in total salinity by 43% is possible in tannery wastewater through PEG based preservation of raw hides. Functional characteristics of the experimental crust leathers are shown to be on par with control crust leathers. The developed greener process appears to be technically viable and economically acceptable alternative for salt based preservation. Note de contenu : - MATERIALS AND METHODS : Materials - Selection of molecular weight of PEG for preservation - Optimization of percentage offer of PEG MW 2000 for preservation - Rehydration studies - Scanning electron microscopy analysis - Differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier Transform Infrared Studies - Determination of hydroxiproline - Bulk preservation studies - Soaking operation for preserved control and experimental cow hide from bulk trials - Input and output analysis - Spent soak liquor and composite liquor analysis - Physical testing and hand evaluation of leathers - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION : Underlying principle for selecting PEG for preservation - Selection of MW of PEG for preservation - Optimization of percentage offer of PEB MW 2000 for preservation - Scanning electron microscopy analysis - Differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier Transform Infrared studies - Comparison of the effectiveness of preservation method based on PEG MW 2000 and salt - Bulk trial studies : an appraisal input and output analysis - Analysis of soak liquor and composite liquor - Physical and hand evaluation of leathers - Techno-economic benefits En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1pFPmWHEqtaw8kHjM75xB5oaEE2opjVZg/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=21706 [article]

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The three pot solution for chromium, tannins and solid waste : Recovery and reuse technique for spent semi-chrome liquor and chrome shavings / Subramanian Saravanabhavan in JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC), Vol. 88, N° 5 (09-10/2004)  

[article]  inJOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC) > Vol. 88, N° 5 (09-10/2004) . - p. 202-207 Titre : The three pot solution for chromium, tannins and solid waste : Recovery and reuse technique for spent semi-chrome liquor and chrome shavings Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Subramanian Saravanabhavan, Auteur ; Kalarical Janardhanan Sreeram, Auteur ; Jonnalagadda Raghava Rao, Auteur ; Balachandran Unni Nair, Auteur Année de publication : 2004 Article en page(s) : p. 202-207 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Absorbants et adsorbants Absorption Chrome -- Recyclage Colorimétrie Déchets -- Elimination Eaux usées -- Décontamination Eaux usées -- Epuration Liqueurs de tannage Récupération (Déchets, etc.) Solides Tanins Tannage au chrome Température de retrait Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : The potential toxicity and environmental impact of chromium and tannins discharged from a tannery has become a key issue, in particular the wastewater generated from the semi-chrome process presents a problem of separating chromium from vegetable tannins by conventional precipitation. This work reports the removal of tannins and recovery of chromium from a spent semi-chrome wastewater using chrome shavings as the adsorbent. Batch mode treatment studies have been carried out to standardize the duration, quantity of chrome shaving and pH. A tannin removal efficiency of 96% has been observed. The tannin-free chromium bearing liquor after the adsorption process was subjected to conventional chromium recovery and re-use and was then used for tanning as a 40% replacement of commercial basic chromium sulphate. The tannin containing chrome shavings were used as a reductant for the preparation of basic chromium sulphate and this was also used for tanning trials. Tanning studies reveal that the quality of the wet blue leathers is on a par with leathers tanned with commercial BCS. Shrinkage temperatures and performance of the leathers, in comparison to a conventional leather, are comparable. Exhaustion of chromium was similar. The procedure described offers a viable solution for the removal of tannins and recovery/reuse of chromium from semi-chrome wastewater, as well as for the disposal of solid wastes such as chrome shavings. Note de contenu : - Introduction : Bulk studies - Experimental methods : Treatment studies - Recovery and reuse studies - Tanning studies : Recovery and reuse - Comparison of the control and experimental (E1 and E2) leathers - Table 1 : Characteristics of spent semi-chrome liquor and chrome shavings - Table 2 : Efficiency of tannin removal at various chrome shaving offers - Table 3 : pH Vs of tannin removal - Table 4 : Subjective assessment data for control (C) and experimental (E1 and E2) leathers - Table 5 : Strength characteristics of control (C) and experimental (E1 and E2) leathers - Table 6 : Shrinkage temperature (Ts) and chromium content of leather and uptake of chromium during control (C) and experimental (E1 and E2) tanning - Table 7 : Colour measurement data for the control (C) and experimental (E1 and E2) leathers En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1y9d25ULtq10cvxZWkfZOsCI8wjcmydJR/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=39625 [article]

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