Analysis estimation and minimization of carbon footprint in leather processing unit operations / Venkatasubramanian Sivakumar in JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC), Vol. 108, N° 3 (05-06/2024)

[article]  inJOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC) > Vol. 108, N° 3 (05-06/2024) . - p. 127-137 Titre : Analysis estimation and minimization of carbon footprint in leather processing unit operations Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Venkatasubramanian Sivakumar, Auteur Année de publication : 2024 Article en page(s) : p. 127-137 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Bilan des émissions de gaz à effets de serre Calcul Cuirs et peaux -- Industrie -- Aspect de l'environnement Electricité Énergie -- Consommation Opérations mécaniques Tanneries Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : In a growing environmental concern on reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) as well as achieving United Nations (UN) sustainable development goals (SDGs), the development of a suitable methodology for the assessment of carbon footprint (CFP) for process industries such as leather is necessary. In this regard, a systematic approach, considering the energy requirements of various unit operations of a mechanical nature in leather processing, within a tannery and their contribution towards CFP has been presented for the first time. Estimation of CFP for the raw skin/ hide to finished leather process has been performed using USA Energy Information Administration (EIA) data, incorporating respective power consumption (kWh) values for the whole process, with unit operations or stages, comprising mechanical or machinery operations and considering two types of power plant: coal and natural gas. Processing types such as Raw-Finished, Raw-Wet blue, Wet blue- Finish have been considered for skins and hides. Calculation of CFP has been performed for a typical tannery processing a capacity of 600 sides or 2000 skins per day. The results show that, 0.29 and 0.77 kW average total energy consumption respectively per kg of raw hide and skin for processing to finished leather. The total CO2 emissions (kg) have been calculated as 0.3 and 0.78 kg, respectively for per kg of hide or skin processed to finished leather; or in terms of area of leather, 0.16 and 0.15 kg, per square foot of finished leather produced. The present analysis suggests, that the more energy intensive operations and the duration of each mechanical operation per skin or hide in processing contribute significantly to the total power consumption and corresponding CO2 emission values. A road map for reduction in CFP in leather processing has also been presented. Note de contenu : - MATERIALS AND METHODS : Methods for calculation of energy requirement - Methodology for estimation of carbon footprint (CFP) - RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS : Total power consumption (kWh) for a typical tannery processing skins - Carbon footprint, CO2 (kg) emission from Total Power consumption (kWh) for a typical tannery processing of skins - Total Power consumption (kWh) for a typical tannery processing sides (hides) - - Table 1 : The CO2 equivalent of other GHGs as 100 year General warming potential (GWP) (Source: Climate Change Connection) (CCC, 2023) - Table 2 : Consideration of time taken scenarios for processing of each skin or hide piece for each mechanical operation (Sec.) and for the Total processing capacity (h) of present study - Table 3 : Important mechanical operations in leather process flow, machinery employed, power ratings and tasks accomplished - Table 4 : Calculation of total power consumption (kwh) for coal based power plant for a typical tannery processing 2000 skins per day for type of processing : raw to finish, raw to wet-blue and wet-blue to finish - Table 5 : Carbon footprint, CO2 (kg) emission as calculated from total power consumption (kWh) for coal or natural gas based power plant for a typical tannery processing 2000 skins per day for type of processing : raw to finish, raw to wet-blue and wet-blue to finish - Table 6 : Calculation of total power consumption (kwh) for coal based power plant for a typical tannery processing 600 sides per day for type of processing : raw to finish, raw to wet-blue and wet-blue to finish - Table 7 : Carbon footprint, CO2 (kg) emission as calculated from total power consumption (kWh) for coal or natural gas based power plant for a typical tannery processing 600 sides per day for type of processing: raw to finish, raw to wet-blue and wet-blue to finish Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=41138 [article]

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Analysis of pore-size and related parameters for leather matrix through capillary flow porosimetry technique / Venkatasubramanian Sivakumar in JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC), Vol. 99, N° 1 (01-02/2015)  

[article]  inJOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC) > Vol. 99, N° 1 (01-02/2015) . - p. 16-22 Titre : Analysis of pore-size and related parameters for leather matrix through capillary flow porosimetry technique Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Venkatasubramanian Sivakumar, Auteur ; Akshaya Jena, Auteur ; Krishna Gupta, Auteur ; Asit Baran Mandal, Auteur Année de publication : 2015 Article en page(s) : p. 16-22 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Croûte (cuir) On entend par "cuir en croûte" des cuirs ayant subi les opérations jusqu'au tannage, à l'exclusion de toute opération de corroyage ou de finissage, mais qui, par opposition aux wet-blue ont été séchés. Porosimétrie d'écoulement capillaire Porosité Taille des pores Tannage au chrome Tannage végétal Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : Leather processing involves diffusion of various chemicals through the pores of skin/leather matrix. Pore-size of the matrix has significant impact on the diffusion rates of the substances involved. The determination of pore-sizes and related parameters is necessary for an understanding of the diffusion phenomena in leather processing and related techniques. There are some limitations in existing pore-size measurement techniques for natural fibrous materials like leather; hence there is a need for development of novel techniques with non-influencing character on structure of materials like leather. In this regard, a capillary flow porosimetry technique for pore-size measurement has been applied to two types of leather viz., full-chrome crust leather (FCC) and vegetable-tanned crust (VTC). By utilizing the capillary flow porosimetry technique, important pore-size parameters such as smallest, largest and mean pore-size plus porosity and average Darcy permeability have been determined. The respective values are 0.04p, 0.93p, 0.13p, 59.1% and 0.027 respectively for FCC leather and 0.04p, 0.67p, 0.11p, 49.9% and 0.021 for VTC leather. The results indicate that FCC leather has greater porosity compared to VTC leather; possibly due to chrome tanning providing less filling effect compared to vegetable tanning. Note de contenu : - LIMITATIONS OF EXISTING POROSIMETRY TECHNIQUES : Capillary flow porosimetry technique (CPF) : principle - CPF TECHNIQUES - APPLICATION OF CPF FOR DETERMINING PORE-SIZE PARAMETERS IN LEATHER MATRIX : Structure of leather - MATERIALS AND METHODS - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION : Flow rate vs. pressure - Cumulative filter flow vs. pore diameter - Pore size distribution vs. pore diameter - Number pore size distribution vs. average pore diameter - Surface area - Pore-size parameters En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1fGKd1bf8KpV_CnsPhEfuyphKtiGyq6x2/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=23229 [article]

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Analysis of process safety and occupational health in leather Process industry : A Holistic approach / Venkatasubramanian Sivakumar in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. CXVI, N° 12 (12/2021)  

[article]  inJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA) > Vol. CXVI, N° 12 (12/2021) . - p. 428-434 Titre : Analysis of process safety and occupational health in leather Process industry : A Holistic approach Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Venkatasubramanian Sivakumar, Auteur Année de publication : 2021 Article en page(s) : p. 428-434 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Américain (ame) Catégories : Air intérieur -- Pollution Conditions de travail Cuirs et peaux -- Industrie Hygiène du travail Pollution par le bruit Produits chimiques -- Toxicologie Risques pour la santé Sécurité du travail Travailleurs -- Protection Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : Process Safety and Occupational health (PSOH) aspects in process industries are essential and need more consideration along with development in manufacturing and processing. In this regard, PSOH aspects are essential for the leather industry in order to prevent health hazards associated with it and improve upon adequate measures. Better safeguards and practices are necessary in PSOH for the benefit of not only for people working in the industry but for the environment at large. The situation is significant wherever hazardous chemicals or chemicals which could lead to compromise on safety in the workplace are involved. The degree of toxicity or hazard and exposure limit associated for some of them, inside factory premises are of major concern. In addition to the chemicals, other aspects such as dusts, noise levels, lighting, ergonomics, ventilation, personal safety and hygiene are worth considering. As mentioned above, the present paper analyzes various aspects of PSOH in leather process industries as a holistic approach. Note de contenu : - INTRODUCTION : Ammonia generation in deliming processing - Environnemental and health hazards associated with ammonia - Odor causing gaes in the tannery - Toxic gas generation in drains - OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS IN LEATHER INDUSTRY AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS : Solutions to air pollution in tannery environement - Particulate matters hazard - Noise pollution in leather and leather products industries - Safety personal protective equipment - Mechanical and electrical hazards - Table 1 : General chemical utilization levels in leather processing based on mass balance (% based on skin/plet/sammed wet-blue weight) - Table 2 : Material safety and toxicity date for major chemicals employed in various unit operations in leather processing - Table 3 : Exposure limits and health factors associated with ammonia gas - Table 4 : Major odorous gases emanating from various unit operations in leather processing - Table 5 : Major VOC causing gases caused in various unit operations causing and their PEL's (Permissible Exposure Limit) for 8-hour TWA ( Time Weighted Average) - Table 6 : Details of particulate matter emanating from tannery causing dust pollution - Table 7 : The national noise pollution (regulation and control) rules, 2000, India on ambient air quality standards in respect of noise - Table 8 : List safety personal protective equipment for various unit operations in leather or leather products DOI : https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v116i12.4687 En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rQBSY5B59autJRkB9CDt3Zk79eIdNuFJ/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=36782 [article]

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Application of power ultrasound in the fatliquoring process / Venkatasubramanian Sivakumar in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. C, N° 5 (05/2005)  

[article]  inJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA) > Vol. C, N° 5 (05/2005) . - p. 187-195 Titre : Application of power ultrasound in the fatliquoring process Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Venkatasubramanian Sivakumar, Auteur ; P. G. Rao, Auteur ; G. Swaminathan, Auteur Année de publication : 2005 Article en page(s) : p. 187-195 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Américain (ame) Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : Fatliquoring experiments have been carried out with ultrasound under stationary conditions and compared with the process in the absence of ultrasound under stationary as well as dynamic drumming condition. Type of fatliquors such as vegetable, semi synthetic and synthetic fatliquors have been studied. Variation in process parameters like ultrasonic output power, amount of fatliquor, and temperature have also been studied. The results show improvement about 2.5, 1.8, 1.5 times in the fat uptake in leather due to ultrasound for vegetable, semi synthetic and synthetic based fatliquors respectively. The observed order of improvement, vegetable > synthetic fatliquor is in agreement with the hindrance generally expected for fatliquors during penetration as indicated by emulsion particle size and Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) data. Therefore, ultrasound is useful for more difficult fatliquoring conditions. The results also indicate that ultrasound under stationary conditions is comparable or better than dynamic drumming conditions. The effects of ultrasound due to pre-sonication and on the viscosity of the fatliquor have also been studied. Leather fiber stricture has been analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and found to be more regular and improved by ultrasound aided processing. The studies indicate ultrasound promotes effective emulsification of the fatliquor in water systems rendering better penetration and more uniform distribution through the leather matrix. En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1m_KAS6enFsf1LaFgGKXa8k_DP2hl_vJy/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=4066 [article]

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Approaches towards tannery modernization and up-gradation : leather industry 4.0 : multi-disciplinary approach / Venkatasubramanian Sivakumar in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. CXVI, N° 2 (02/2021)  

[article]  inJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA) > Vol. CXVI, N° 2 (02/2021) Titre : Approaches towards tannery modernization and up-gradation : leather industry 4.0 : multi-disciplinary approach Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Venkatasubramanian Sivakumar, Auteur Année de publication : 2021 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Américain (ame) Catégories : Cuirs et peaux -- Industrie -- Aspect de l'environnement Déchets -- Réduction Industrie 4.0 Le concept d’Industrie 4.0 correspond à une nouvelle façon d’organiser les moyens de production : l’objectif est la mise en place d’usines dites "intelligentes" ("smart factories") capables d’une plus grande adaptabilité dans la production et d’une allocation plus efficace des ressources, ouvrant ainsi la voie à une nouvelle révolution industrielle. Ses bases technologiques sont l'Internet des objets et les systèmes cyber-physiques. Innovations Manutention Matériaux -- Stockage Produits chimiques -- Stockage Index. décimale : 675.2 Préparation du cuir naturel. Tannage Résumé : Analysis of various approaches for tannery modernization and up-gradation as leather industry 4.0 need to be analyzed keeping in view of significant advancements made in different disciplines of relevance to leather sector. Holistic views and plans for cleaner image with better environmental aspects are essential for the sustainable growth of the leather sector. In this paper, various plans and strategies for the next phase of tannery modernization denoted as TAN MOD 4.0 have been presented with the main objectives of near zero discharge of chemicals, waste minimization, value addition, productivity enhancement and safe & healthy environment in tannery. Different components such as basic up-gradation concepts, modem leather processing techniques and engineering inputs for leather sector such as process control systems, necessary automation tools and Internet of Things (IoT) are discussed. Note de contenu : - Tannery modernization of initial phase - Industry 4.0 - Un-filled gaps in tannery modernization - Tannery modernization 4.0 : Objectives - Benefits envisaged from TAN MOD 4.0 - Engineering for leather process (ENGG-LEAP) - Materials storage facility - Materials handling facility - Modern leather processing techniques (LEAPRO) - Environmental, health and safety (EHS) - Fig. 1 : Schematic plan for tannery modernization - TAN-MOD 4.0 - Fig. 2 : Approaches for tannery up-gradation and modernization in leather sector TAN MOD 4.0 as sustainable solution DOI : https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v116i2.4237 En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hxEWJaRYHvFeGydnJoS7UOMebG4To_at/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=35310 [article]

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Clean bill of health and safety / Venkatasubramanian Sivakumar in LEATHER INTERNATIONAL, Vol. 217, N° 4850 (05/2015)  

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Diffusion rate enhancement in leather dyeing with power ultrasound / Venkatasubramanian Sivakumar in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. XCVIII, N° 6 (06/2003)  

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Influence of ultrasound on the adsorption, diffusion and kinetics of leather dyeing process : mechanistic insight / Venkatasubramanian Sivakumar in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. CXV, N° 7 (07/2020)  

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A novel pickle-free high exhaust chrome tanning method-an appproach for tota dissolved solids management / Victor John Sundar in JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC), Vol. 88, N° 6 (11-12/2004)  

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Preparation and characterization of nano-reinforced leather waste fiber-epoxy nano composite / Venkatasubramanian Sivakumar in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. CX, N° 12 (12/2015)  

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Remediation of spent vegetable tannins from waste tanning liquor through coagulation and ultrasound pre-treatment : a sustainable approach / Resmi Mohan in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. CXVII, N° 9 (09/2022)  

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Titanium/chrome combination tannage : an alternative eco-friendly tanning system for upper leather manufacture / Venkatasubramanian Sivakumar in LEATHER INTERNATIONAL, Vol. 210, N° 4785 (06/2008)  

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Ultrasound assisted diffusion in vegetable tanning for leather processing / Venkatasubramanian Sivakumar in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. CIII, N° 10 (10/2008)  

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Ultrasound assisted enhancement in wattle bark (Acacia Mollissima) vegetable tanning extraction for leather processing / Venkatasubramanian Sivakumar in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. CIV, N° 11 (11/2009)  

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Ultrasound-assisted process intensification in leather making : diffusion rate enhancement in retanning process / Venkatasubramanian Sivakumar in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. CVIII, N° 7 (07/2013)  

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Ultrasound assisted vegetable tannin extraction from myrobalan nuts for leather application / Venkatasubramanian Sivakumar in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. CXIII, N° 2 (02/2018)  

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Use of ultrasound in soaking for improved efficiency / Venkatasubramanian Sivakumar in JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC), Vol. 88, N° 6 (11-12/2004)  

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