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Effect of chrominium in blue hides on activity of microbial transglutaminase / Maryann M. Taylor in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. CV, N° 6 (06/2010)
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Titre : Effect of chrominium in blue hides on activity of microbial transglutaminase Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Maryann M. Taylor, Auteur ; J. Lee, Auteur ; Lorelei P. Bumanlag, Auteur ; Eduard Hernà ndez Balada, Auteur ; Eleanor M. Brown, Auteur Année de publication : 2010 Article en page(s) : p. 175-180 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Américain (ame) Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : Microbial transglutaminase (mTgase) has been used in the modification of proteins from sustainable resources to make products that have application in leather production. It has also been successfully used to treat blue stock, prior to addition of the products, for the purpose of stabilizing the fillers and lessening the chance that they will be washed out during further processing steps. There is always a concern that metals may have an effect (either positively or negatively) on the enzyme's activity and literature has addressed many of these issues. However, one area that has not been addressed is whether chromium may affect activity of mTgase. Even though we have only seen positive results after hide treatment with enzyme, we designed an experiment to elucidate this matter. Using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), we first determined the concentration of chromium in the floats during the processing of the hides. When the hides were washed and then neutralized, the concentration of unbound chromium was found to be less than 5 ppm. Next, to test mTgase sensitivity, we carried out activity assays in absence and presence of chromium and found that activity results were similar. We prepared a model system in which gelatin, swollen and solubilized in solutions containing chromium, was reacted with mTgase using standard conditions. It was found, when compared to a control, that the reaction proceeded at the same rate (chemical gel formed in 2 h @ 50°C), and the physical properties and molecular weight distributions (SDS-PAGE) of the products were similar. Finally, epi-fluorescent microscopy studies showed that enzyme-pretreatment, when compared to a control in which no enzyme pretreatment was applied, prevented migration of the fillers during subsequent processing steps. Thus, under the conditions in which we treat wet blue hides, the chromium used to tan the hides does not affect enzyme activity Note de contenu : EXPERIMENTAL : MATERIALS
METHODS : Treatment of blue stock for chromium analyses of floats - Treatment of gelatin with enzyme - Treatment of blue stock for epi fluorescent microscopy studies.
ANALYSES : Measurement of mTgase activity - Physical properties, molecular weight distribution and chromium analysis - Epi-fluorescent microscopy.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION : Chromium analyses of treatment floats - Reaction of gelatin with mTgase in presence of chromium - Epi-fluorescent microscopy studies of treated blue stock.En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1QPR2TZzLFNQkDcYtt-XjGCN0CEa8sy65/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=9452
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 012187 - Périodique Bibliothèque principale Documentaires Disponible Evaluation of degreasers as brine curing additives / Eduard Hernà ndez Balada in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. CIV, N° 5 (05/2009)
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Titre : Evaluation of degreasers as brine curing additives Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Eduard Hernà ndez Balada, Auteur ; William N. Marmer, Auteur ; Peter H. Cooke, Auteur ; John G. Phillips, Auteur Année de publication : 2009 Article en page(s) : p. 169-176 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Américain (ame) Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : The length of time needed for brine curing of raw hides and skins, a minimum of 18 h, is a time consuming process. In this paper we initially report the results of an investigation of the stratigraphic distribution of sodium chloride and water in fleshed hides cured for varying intervals of time. We demonstrated that salt entered the hide mainly from the flesh side. Water, on the other hand, was withdrawn from both sides of the hide; the epidermis acted as a semipermeable membrane. Three commercial degreasers as well as a glycolipid surfactant (sophorolipid) were tested as brine curing additives and their efficiency evaluated according to the moisture, salt, salt saturation and fat content levels in the brine cured hide. One of the commercial degreasers, when used at 0.5% w/w, significantly removed fat from the hide as well as enhanced the uptake of salt. The sophorolipid also was an effective degreasing agent, decreasing the fat content of the brine-cured hide and, if used in excess, significantly increasing the uptake of salt. The data presented here confirmed that the usage of an appropriate degreasing agent in the brine is a suitable option for reducing the turn-around times in raceways and thus creating additional curing capacity. En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1tmXZ4iHYvy-Z0bbk5GIKX19K_j6wLkuB/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=5218
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 011294 - Périodique Bibliothèque principale Documentaires Disponible Mathematical model of raw hide curing with brine / Eduard Hernà ndez Balada in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. CIII, N° 5 (05/2008)
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Titre : Mathematical model of raw hide curing with brine Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Eduard Hernà ndez Balada, Auteur ; Robert L. Dudley, Auteur ; Peter H. Cooke, Auteur ; Karel Kolomaznik, Auteur ; William N. Marmer, Auteur Année de publication : 2008 Article en page(s) : p. 167 - 173 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Américain (ame) Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : The most common method of preserving raw hides is brine curing with sodium chloride. However, this process has three important disadvantages : first, the length of time that it takes, which is a minimum of 18 hours ; second, the insufficient degree of curing reached in some hides due to an overload and possibly the low efficiency of the brine raceway ; and finally, the environmental impact associated with the discharge of large quantities of electrolytes in the soaking step. Our long term goal is to address all three issues. Initially, we have carried out a study of the salt uptake and its diffusion mechanism in order to attempt a reduction in the curing time. A continuous reaction mathematical model of a closed one dimensional system that describes the diffusion of sodium chloride in the hide during the curing process was chosen in the search for the optimum brine curing conditions such as the optimum brine concentration and percent float. The effect of these two parameters on the values of transport coefficient lambda was reported. Brine diffusion into the hide was tracked by measurement of the chloride concentration of the residual brine solution. In addition, a piece of hide was cured with a fluorescently labeled brine solution and analyzed by means of epifluorescent microscopy for direct visualization of the sodium location within the hide. Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=2563
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 010088 - Périodique Bibliothèque principale Documentaires Disponible Treatments to enhance properties of chrome-free (wet white) leather / Maryann M. Taylor in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. CVI, N° 2 (02/2011)
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Titre : Treatments to enhance properties of chrome-free (wet white) leather Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Maryann M. Taylor, Auteur ; J. Lee, Auteur ; Lorelei P. Bumanlag, Auteur ; Eduard Hernà ndez Balada, Auteur ; Eleanor M. Brown, Auteur Année de publication : 2011 Article en page(s) : p. 35-43 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Américain (ame) Catégories : Biopolymères
CaséineLes caséines sont des protéines qui constituent la majeure partie des composants azotés du lait. La première phase de la fabrication du fromage est leur précipitation par adjonction d'un acide ou de présure. Le mot caséine est issu du latin caseus, "fromage".
- Caractéristiques : La quantité des caséines d'un lait varie selon les espèces animales : 82 % (des protéines) pour le lait de vache et 40 % pour le lait humain.
L'hydrolyse d’une caséine fait ressortir des teneurs élevées en acide glutamique, proline, leucine, lysine, sérine et thréonine.
- Caséines bovines : Il y a plusieurs types de caséines dans le lait de vache. Les plus présentes sont les caséines αS1 (40 %), β (35 %), κ (12 %), αS2 (10 %) et γ (3 à 7 %).
La caséine du lait de vache précipite facilement en caillots blancs, soit par abaissement du pH au voisinage de son point isoélectrique (pH 4,6), soit par action enzymatique (présure). La caséine du lait humain ne précipite pas par simple acidification. Cependant, la précipitation à un pH de 6 est immédiate en présence du suc gastrique du nourrisson à cause de la présure qu'il contient (la chymosine pour être précis).
- Caséines humaines : Les caséines représentent 40 % des protéines du lait humain contre 82 % dans le lait de vache. Elles forment également des micelles plus petites qui expliquent en plus de la haute teneur en protéine solubles la coagulation plus fine du lait maternel dans l’estomac du nourrisson. (Wikipedia)
Charges (matériaux)
Cuir -- Séchage
Cuirs et peaux -- Analyse
Cuirs et peaux -- Teinture
GélatineLa gélatine est une substance solide translucide, transparente ou légèrement jaune, presque sans goût et sans odeur, obtenue par l'ébullition prolongée de tissus conjonctifs (peaux) ou d'os d'animaux (principalement porc, bœuf, poisson). Elle possède de nombreuses applications dans le domaine culinaire, la médecine, les industries agroalimentaire et pharmaceutique.
En matière d’étiquetage, la gélatine est considérée par la norme européenne3 comme un ingrédient et non pas comme un additif, c'est pourquoi elle n'a pas de numéro E. Hors Union européenne, elle est considérée par certains pays comme un additif gélifiant et on peut la trouver avec la dénomination E441.
La gélatine est un mélange de protéines obtenu par hydrolyse partielle du collagène extrait de la peau comme la peau de porc (cochon), des os, des cartilages, etc. Les liaisons moléculaires entre les fibres de collagène sont alors brisées. Mélangée à de l'eau, la gélatine forme un gel colloïdal semi-solide thermo-réversible (il fond lorsqu'il est chauffé et recouvre son aspect gélatineux lorsqu'il est refroidi). Sous forme déshydratée, par contre, la gélatine n'a pas de point de fusion et devient friable ou brûle quand elle est chauffée à trop haute températureLa rhéologie de la gélatine se caractérise par un comportement viscoélastique, et des contraintes trop élevées ou appliquées trop rapidement peuvent entraîner une rupture fragile (fracturation) ou ductile6. Le caractère plutôt élastique/fragile ou plutôt visqueux/ductile dépend de la concentration en gélatine de la solution aqueuse et de la température, ainsi que de la durée de la mise sous contrainteLes acides aminés constituant la gélatine sont : la glycine (21 %), la proline (12 %), l'hydroxyproline (12 %), l'acide glutamique (10 %), l'alanine (9 %), l'arginine (8 %), l'acide aspartique (6 %), la lysine (4 %), la sérine (4 %), la leucine (3 %), la valine, la phénylalanine et la thréonine (2 %), l'isoleucine et l'hydroxylysine (1 %), la méthionine et l'histidine (< 1 %) et la tyrosine (< 0,5 %). Ces valeurs sont variables (surtout pour les constituants minoritaires) et dépendent de la source de matériaux bruts et de la technique de préparation. La gélatine est constituée à environ 98-99 % (en poids sec) de protéines et contient 18 acides aminés dont huit des neuf acides aminés essentiels à l'Homme. Elle n'a qu'une relative valeur nutritionnelle du fait de l'absence de tryptophane et de son déficit en isoleucine, thréonine et méthionine; elle possède également un taux inhabituellement élevé d'acides aminés non essentiels, la glycine et la proline (qui sont produits par le corps humain). (Wikipedia)
Microscopie électronique à balayage
Protéine fluorescente
TannageIndex. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : Production of chrome-free or wet white leather, predominantly for upholstery leather, is fast approaching that which has been traditionally tanned with chrome. Recycling of auto parts, specifically the car seats, is driving the momentum towards this type of leather. Wet white leathers are sometimes described as being flat, empty, weak and/or having a poor break and subsequently require more filling than conventional chrome-tanned wet blue. Large amounts of resins, polymers, and syntans are generally used in retanning of wet white leather. In recent studies, we addressed the problems of poor leather quality by utilizing fillers produced from enzymatically-modified waste proteins, specifically those proteins from the leather and dairy industry (low quality gelatins and caseins or whey). We demonstrated that these products did indeed fill the leather, were not removed during washing and while not affecting the mechanical properties, did significantly improve subjective properties, such as handle, fullness, break and color. In this present study, we applied enzymatically modified fillers to wet white leather and evaluated it to see if there was an improvement in the subjective properties. Products were prepared, characterized, and then applied to the wet white tanned stock. After treatment, the hides were retanned, colored, and fatliquored, mechanical properties were determined and subjective analysis was carried out. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also carried out after treatment. As seen in previous studies, the mechanical properties of the treated wet white leather were not significantly different from controls, but there was an improvement in the subjective properties. The data from analysis of the crust will be presented along with microscopy images. Note de contenu : - Methods : Preparation of fluorescently labeled conjugates - Preparation of biopolymer products - Application of filler to wet white leather (epifluorescent pieces, area samples and sides) - Retan/color/fatliquor (RCF) and drying.
- Analyses : Physical properties, molecular weight distribution and extractables - Protein concentration determination - Subjective evaluation RCF leather - yellowing test - Optical microscope equipped with epi-fluorescent attachment.
- Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION : Product preparation, characterization and application - Determination of product uptake (epi fluorescence and BA analysis - Subjective evaluation and mechanical properties - Treatment of sides.En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1FLpoA_n0SrpOp7a2cCTp2uK3az4vS7kn/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=11214
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Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité 012800 - Périodique Bibliothèque principale Documentaires Disponible Whey protein isolate : a potential filler for the leather industry / Eduard Hernà ndez Balada in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. CIV, N° 4 (04/2009)
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Titre : Whey protein isolate : a potential filler for the leather industry Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Eduard Hernà ndez Balada, Auteur ; Cheng-Kung Liu, Auteur ; Eleanor M. Brown, Auteur ; Maryann M. Taylor, Auteur ; Jaume Cot Année de publication : 2009 Article en page(s) : p. 122-130 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Américain (ame) Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : The upgrading of leather that presents loose areas and poor grain break is one of the most value adding opportunities for a tanner. Typically, petroleum-based products are used to improve the final appearance and feel of crust leather. In this study, we demonstrate that blends composed of whey protein isolate (WPI), a byproduct of the cheese industry, and small amounts of gelatin, a byproduct of the leather industry, could be effectively used as filling agents for both shoe upper and upholstery leather. Wet blue leather from three different areas in the hide (butt, belly and neck) was treated with the WPI-gelatin blend, retanned, colored and fatliquored, and their subjective and mechanical properties evaluated. The effect of pretreatment of the wet blue samples with various concentrations of the enzyme microbial transglutaminase (mTGase) was also examined. It was found that the rate of uptake of the WPI-gelatin blend by upholstery wet blue increased four-fold when it was pretreated with a 2.5% mTGase solution. Conversely, this rate was decreased when shoe upper was pretreated with increasing amounts of mTGase. The subjective properties (e.g. handle, fullness, color and grain break) of both shoe upper and upholstery leather that were treated with the WPI-gelatin blend were significantly improved over the controls. Importantly, the grain break of the belly area of samples that were pretreated with enzyme (both upholstery and shoe upper) was remarkably improved. Hence, fillers mainly composed by the less expensive WPI were demonstrated to be effective filling agents for both upholstery and shoe upper leather. En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1EMtJdplpyAfC500s_wozq1UnuV9TN3be/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=4805
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