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Accurate and simple method for simultaneous determination of restricted ethylene glycol ethers and esters in leather by GC-MS / He-Wei Ma in JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC), Vol. 105, N° 3 (05-06/2021)  

[article]  inJOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC) > Vol. 105, N° 3 (05-06/2021) . - p. 117-123 Titre : Accurate and simple method for simultaneous determination of restricted ethylene glycol ethers and esters in leather by GC-MS Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : He-Wei Ma, Auteur ; Luo Jian-Xun, Auteur Année de publication : 2021 Article en page(s) : p. 117-123 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Chimie analytique Chromatographie en phase gazeuse Cuirs et peaux -- Analyse Esters Ethers Ethylène glycol Extraction (chimie) Spectrométrie de masse Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : An analytical approach was developed for the simultaneous determination of the eight ethylene glycol ethers (EGEs) and esters (EGEEs) prohibited by European Union (EU) REACH regulation in leather samples. The analytes were extracted using methanol with ultrasonic assistance within 30 minutes. The extracts were cleaned up by passing the extraction solution through a cartridge containing alumina-N frits, and the eluate was injected into GC-MS which was fitted with a 60m length capillary DB-WAX column. Excellent separation of the eight EGEs/EGEEs was achieved by the capillary column within 25 minutes. The clean-up with Alumina-N cartridge presented desired efficiency for removing the co-extractives in the extracts. The major advantages of this method are the simplicity and accuracy. Limitation of the detection, linear range, and reproducibility of the method were evaluated. Average recoveries in the range of 91.7%-102.5% (RSD, <6.1 0/0) with detection limits at 3.09.4mg/kg for the eight targets were obtained. Analytical results showed that ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (EGDME), ethylene glycol ethyl ether (EGEE), and diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEGDME), were found in 22% of 95 leather samples at the concentration range of 35-82mg/kg, 12-285mg/kg and 28-66mg/kg, respectively, while the other five EGEs/EGEEs were not detected. Note de contenu : - EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES : Chemicals - Apparatus - Preparation and storage of standards - Sampling - Sample extraction - Extract clean-up - Instrumental analysis - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION : Selection of capillary column - Sample preparation - Effects of extraction time and temperature - METHOD VALIDATION : Linearity - Limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) - Reproducibility studies - Analysis of leather samples - Table 1 : EGEs and EGEEs used in the experiment : Name, abbreviation, CAS N°., boiling point and monitored ions (m/z) - Table 2 : Recoveries of eight EGEs/EGEEs by the three SPE cartridges - Table 3 : Recoveries in the spiked negative leather with different temperature and time - Table 4 : Effects of MgSO4 used in the extraction process on the test results - Table 5 : Calibration data, precision and detection limits for the selected compounds - Table 6 : Levels of the prohibited EGEs/EGEEs found in leather samples En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1N6bhRrkh3wBBN1EUu33c6Tv8ADpSMiXw/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=35831 [article]

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Dry heat resistance of leathers of different tannages / Selime Colak in JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC), Vol. 105, N° 3 (05-06/2021)  

[article]  inJOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC) > Vol. 105, N° 3 (05-06/2021) . - p. 124-131 Titre : Dry heat resistance of leathers of different tannages Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Selime Colak, Auteur ; Meruyert Kaygusuz, Auteur Année de publication : 2021 Article en page(s) : p. 124-131 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Caractérisation Chaleur sèche Cuirs et peaux -- Analyse Fourier, Spectroscopie infrarouge à transformée de Glutaraldéhyde Microscopie électronique à balayage Morphologie (matériaux) Phosphonium Le cation phosphonium (plus rarement phosphinium) est un cation polyatomique de formule PH4+, mais le terme désigne également ses dérivés substitués PR4+2. Les sels du composé parent sont peu courants, mais cet ion est un intermédiaire dans la préparation industrielle du chlorure de tétrakis(hydroxyméthyl)phosphonium, un composé important : PH3 + HCl + 4 H2C=O → P(CH2OH)4+Cl-. Les sels de phosphonium organiques sont des réactifs communs en laboratoire. Ceux avec une liaison P-H sont produits par protonation des phosphines : PR3 + H+ → HPR3+. Beaucoup de cations de phosphonium organiques quaternaires (P+R4) sont produits par alkylation des organophosphines. Par exemple, la réaction entre la triphénylphosphine et l'iodométhane donne l'iodure de méthyltriphénylphosphonium, un précurseur d'ylure de phosphore : PPh3 + CH3I → CH3PPh3+I-. Le cation tétraphénylphosphonium (PPh4+) est un agent de précipitation utile, analogue aux sels d'ammonium quaternaire utilisés comme catalyseurs de transfert de phase. Résistance thermique Stabilité hydrothermale Tannage au chrome Tannage minéral Tannage dans lequel interviennent différents minéraux. Le plus répandu est le tannage aux sels de chrome, mais aussi à l’aluminium Tannage organique Tannage végétal Zirconium Index. décimale : 675.2 Préparation du cuir naturel. Tannage Résumé : In this study, the dry heat resistances of the leathers tanned with different agents such as vegetable, glutaraldehyde, zirconium, phosphonium and chromium were investigated. The morphological characterisation of the tanned leathers was performed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) based on the grain surface and cross section of the leather samples. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was employed to analyse the molecular structure of the tanned leathers. The results showed that the tanned leathers have different dry heat resistances measured at 150°C and 200°C for 30 minutes which are not in parallel with their hydrothermal stability values. The study presented has established that because of the covalent bonding with collagen, usage of chromium is an effective tanning system in achieving the highest dry heat resistance. Because of good filling properties the dry heat resistance values for vegetable and zirconium-tanned leathers were found to be better among the other tanning processes. Note de contenu : - Materials - Leather tanning processes - Characterisation - Table 1 : Process details for the test tannages - Fig. 1 : Hydrothermal stability of tanned leathers - Fig. 2 : Dry heat resistance of tanned leathers after heating at 150°C for 30 minutes - Fig. 3 : Dry heat resistance of tanned leathers after heating at 200°C for 30 minutes - Fig. 4 : SEM images of the surface and cross section of the tanned leathers - Fig. 5 : FTIR spectra of the tanned leathers before and after dry heat treatment at 200°C En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AcPoZYMKVKXwfTvRqOA7ozDxwrhw5PPB/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=35832 [article]

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Heterologous expression of metalloproteinases from planococcus halotolerans SCU63T and eco-friendly enzymatic dehairing of goatskin / Zhang Shihao in JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC), Vol. 105, N° 3 (05-06/2021)  

[article]  inJOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC) > Vol. 105, N° 3 (05-06/2021) . - p. 132-139 Titre : Heterologous expression of metalloproteinases from planococcus halotolerans SCU63T and eco-friendly enzymatic dehairing of goatskin Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Zhang Shihao, Auteur ; Ruoshi Zhang, Auteur ; Xiaoguang Li, Auteur ; Zhe Xu, Auteur ; Yongqiang Tian, Auteur Année de publication : 2021 Article en page(s) : p. 132-139 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Caractérisation Cuirs et peaux de chèvres Enzymes microbiennes Epilage enzymatique Métalloprotéinases Microscopie électronique à balayage Peptidases pH Produits chimiques -- Purification Travail de rivière (cuir) Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : In this study, a metalloproteinase gene from Planococcus halotolerans SCU63 was cloned and expressed in Bacillus sp. SCK6. LB broth medium was used as the initial medium and for a series of fermentation optimisations. The most suitable medium components were as follows (g/l) : yeast extract powder (20), casein (13), tryptone (7), NaCl (10), urea (8). When the inoculation amount was 2%, the filling amount was 100mL, the culture time was 370C, and the pH was 7.0 for 40 hours the protease production reached the highest. The enzyme activity was completely inhibited by EDTA. Surfactants, such as Tween 20, Tween 80, and TritonX-100, could improve the enzyme activity, while SDS could inhibit the enzyme activity. Under protease action, goatskin can be completely depilated at 37oc and 28 hours. Compared with the conventional chemical dehairing, the enzymatic dehairing opened up the goatskin elastic fibre without any hair root in the hair follicle, and the skin was of high quality. Note de contenu : - MATERIALS AND METHODS : Materials - Construction of recombinant plasmid and expression of 1030 in B. subtilis SCK6 - Optimisation of fermentation conditions - Purification of proteases - Determination of enzyme activity - Characterisation of enzymatic properties - Dehairing function of protease 1030 - Analysis of dehairing - RESULTS : Construction of recombinant plasmid and its expression in SCK6 - Optimisation of fermentation conditions and RSM - Purification and identification of proteases 1030 - Effect of temperature on enzyme activity and stability - Effect of pH on enzyme activity and stability - Effect of NaCl concentration on enzyme activity - Effect of metal ions on enzyme activity - Effect of chemicals on enzyme activity - Effect of organic solvents on enzyme activity - Analysis of enzymatic dehairing - Analysis of SEM and staining - Table 1 : Factors and levels for RSM - Table 2 : ANOVA for quadratic model - Table 3 : Effect of metal ions on enzyme activity - Table 4 : Effect of chemicals on enzyme activity - Table 5 : Effect of solvents on enzyme activity En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/15BWASUeWYefKBb5gBjgfaEyNcAG7bjbz/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=35833 [article]

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Comparative retanning performance of ecofriendly melamine resins produced using different condensing agents / Muhammad Naveed Ashraf in JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC), Vol. 105, N° 3 (05-06/2021)  

[article]  inJOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC) > Vol. 105, N° 3 (05-06/2021) . - p. 140-152 Titre : Comparative retanning performance of ecofriendly melamine resins produced using different condensing agents Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Muhammad Naveed Ashraf, Auteur ; Shahzad Maqsood Khan, Auteur ; Shahid Munir, Auteur ; Rashid Saleem, Auteur Année de publication : 2021 Article en page(s) : p. 140-152 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Cuirs et peaux -- Propriétés mécaniques Cuirs et peaux -- Propriétés organoleptiques Mélamine sulfonée Mélamine La mélamine, de nom chimique 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine, est parfois dénommée cyanuramide ou cyanurotriamine. Sa formule brute est C3H6N6. Les "résines mélamine-formaldéhyde" ou "mélamine-formol" (sigle MF) sont appelées "mélamine" dans le langage courant. Elles font partie de la famille des aminoplastes qui regroupe des résines thermodurcissables aminées, issues d'un comonomère tel l'urée ou la mélamine, parfois le thiocarbamide, le cyanamide hydrogène ou le dicyandiamide ; le second comonomère étant le formaldéhyde. Produits de condensation (chimie) Retannage Tannage synthétique Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : Formaldehyde has been a famous raw material for production of amino resins used in leather processing however; the proven carcinogenic hazards of formaldehyde contravene regulations are restricting the sale of leather goods with regard to human contact. In this study sulfonated melamine based resins were produced by using condensing agents other than formaldehyde, for example furfural, glyoxal, methylglyoxal and glutaraldehyde. Synthesised formaldehyde-free melamine resins were studied for determination of their molecular weights, thermal stability by TGA and spectroscopic studies using FTIR. Synthesised resins were used in leather retanning for investigation of their mechanical and organoleptic properties in comparison with leather samples based on a commercial resin. The effects of melamine resins on the fibrous structure of collagen were examined by SEM. Leather pieces were analysed for estimation of free formaldehyde contents and the pollution load of the retanning wastes was also investigated. The prepared resins conferred improved mechanical and organoleptic characteristics to the resulting leather compared to the control but the results produced by MGLSNA and MGSNA resins were more prominent. Leather produced from each resin sample was formaldehyde free. SEM images of the leather revealed the presence of fine grains with improved fibrous collagen structure especially for MGLSNA and MGSNA. Pollution load reduction efficiency of newly developed resins was improved in comparison with control indicating their better uptake and fixation in collagen fibres. Overall, all four novel resins produced formaldehyde-free leather with improved retanning and thermal properties but the results produced by MGLSNA and MGSNA resins were better due to introduction of more reactive sites and aromatic sulfonation agents. Note de contenu : - EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE : Chemicals and apparatus - Synthesis of sulfonated melamine resins - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION : Synthesis of sulfonated melamine resins - Physical characteristics of sulfonated melamine resins - Molecular weight determination of sulfonated melamine resins - Comparative application of sulfonated melamine resins on leather - Mechanical properties of leather retanned with sulfonated melamine resins - Organoleptic properties of leather retanned with sulfonated melamine resins - Characterisation of retanned leather by SEM - Determination of free formaldehyde content in leather - Thermo gravimetric analysis of sulfonated melamine resins - FTIR analysis - Wastewater analysis of retanning bath - Table 1 : Mole ratio and physical characteristics of sulfonated melamine resin prepared with different condensing agents - Table 2 : Dependence of the flow time, relative viscosity, specific viscosity, δ = ηsp - inηr and δ/c2 at different concentrations of SMFr resin - Table 3 : Dependence of the concentration of novel resins of study on δ/c2 - Table 4 : Leather processing recipe, materials and conditions - Table 5 : Mechanical properties of leather retanned with sulfonated melamine resins - Table 6 : Comparative pollution load efficiency of sulfonated melamine resins En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1N5Wt_oi9uVzToJ_7z1L_jwRfqTgOlm5M/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=35834 [article]

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An eco-friendly method of gelatin preparation based on enzymatic dehairing and lime-free swelling process / Ding Xiaoliang in JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC), Vol. 105, N° 3 (05-06/2021)  

[article]  inJOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC) > Vol. 105, N° 3 (05-06/2021) . - p. 153-158 Titre : An eco-friendly method of gelatin preparation based on enzymatic dehairing and lime-free swelling process Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Ding Xiaoliang, Auteur ; Zhijun Chen, Auteur ; Zhongzhen Long, Auteur ; Zhihua Shan, Auteur Année de publication : 2021 Article en page(s) : p. 153-158 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Caractérisation Cuirs et peaux -- Analyse Eaux usées -- Analyse Epilage enzymatique Extraction (chimie) Gélatine La gélatine est une substance solide translucide, transparente ou légèrement jaune, presque sans goût et sans odeur, obtenue par l'ébullition prolongée de tissus conjonctifs (peaux) ou d'os d'animaux (principalement porc, bÅ“uf, poisson). Elle possède de nombreuses applications dans le domaine culinaire, la médecine, les industries agroalimentaire et pharmaceutique. En matière d’étiquetage, la gélatine est considérée par la norme européenne3 comme un ingrédient et non pas comme un additif, c'est pourquoi elle n'a pas de numéro E. Hors Union européenne, elle est considérée par certains pays comme un additif gélifiant et on peut la trouver avec la dénomination E441. La gélatine est un mélange de protéines obtenu par hydrolyse partielle du collagène extrait de la peau comme la peau de porc (cochon), des os, des cartilages, etc. Les liaisons moléculaires entre les fibres de collagène sont alors brisées. Mélangée à de l'eau, la gélatine forme un gel colloïdal semi-solide thermo-réversible (il fond lorsqu'il est chauffé et recouvre son aspect gélatineux lorsqu'il est refroidi). Sous forme déshydratée, par contre, la gélatine n'a pas de point de fusion et devient friable ou brûle quand elle est chauffée à trop haute températureLa rhéologie de la gélatine se caractérise par un comportement viscoélastique, et des contraintes trop élevées ou appliquées trop rapidement peuvent entraîner une rupture fragile (fracturation) ou ductile6. Le caractère plutôt élastique/fragile ou plutôt visqueux/ductile dépend de la concentration en gélatine de la solution aqueuse et de la température, ainsi que de la durée de la mise sous contrainteLes acides aminés constituant la gélatine sont : la glycine (21 %), la proline (12 %), l'hydroxyproline (12 %), l'acide glutamique (10 %), l'alanine (9 %), l'arginine (8 %), l'acide aspartique (6 %), la lysine (4 %), la sérine (4 %), la leucine (3 %), la valine, la phénylalanine et la thréonine (2 %), l'isoleucine et l'hydroxylysine (1 %), la méthionine et l'histidine (< 1 %) et la tyrosine (< 0,5 %). Ces valeurs sont variables (surtout pour les constituants minoritaires) et dépendent de la source de matériaux bruts et de la technique de préparation. La gélatine est constituée à environ 98-99 % (en poids sec) de protéines et contient 18 acides aminés dont huit des neuf acides aminés essentiels à l'Homme. Elle n'a qu'une relative valeur nutritionnelle du fait de l'absence de tryptophane et de son déficit en isoleucine, thréonine et méthionine; elle possède également un taux inhabituellement élevé d'acides aminés non essentiels, la glycine et la proline (qui sont produits par le corps humain). (Wikipedia) Gonflement (physique) Microscopie électronique à balayage Peaux brutes -- Trempe Procédés de fabrication Index. décimale : 668.5 Parfums et cosmétiques Résumé : The conventional method of gelatin production generates a large quantity of wastewater, sludge and H2S gas due to the use of sulfide and lime. In this study, an eco-friendly method of extracting gelatin from animal hides was developed. The dehairing process was designed using enzymes and performed simultaneously with soaking, and the swelling process based on sodium silicate was used in the gelatin production. A comparative analysis showed that the effect of the soaking step using enzymatic dehairing was as effective as the use of sulfide. SEM analysis and proteoglycan content measurement indicated that the extent of fibre bundle opening and interfibrillar substance removal were comparable to that of the swelling process with lime when using sodium silicate. The reduction of the TKN and COD loads in the wastewater was of the order of 10% relative to the conventional swelling process, and the dry weight and organic content of the sludge generated during the swelling process based on sodium silicate were reduced by 59.62% and 41 .75%, respectively. Furthermore, the gelatin extracted with this eco-friendly method possessed similar physicochemical properties, including the molecular weight, viscosity, and extraction yield. This study indicates that this eco-friendly method of gelatin preparation based on enzymatic dehairing and lime-free swelling can help to achieve sustainability in the gelatin industry. Note de contenu : - EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE : Materials - Clean treatment of raw hides - Determinationof the swelling effect - Characterisation of waste from the swelling process - Observation of the swelled pelt tissue - Gelatin extraction - Characterisationof gelatine - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION : Analysis of enzymatic dehairing - Analysis of the swelling effect - Analysis of spent liquors and sludge from the swelling process - SEM analysis - Comparative analysis of the performance of gelatin - Table 1 : Dissolved substances under different alkaline materials - Table 2 : Main parameters of the spent swelling bath - Table 3 : Main parameters of sludge produced by 100 kg of swelled pelts - Table 4 : Basic properties of gelatin En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Fo1mi1Pqa-BLsFo-7jjrmv40OTZX4yt2/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=35835 [article]

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A new way to treat chrome leather shavings : collagen degradation product as cement retarder / Bangquan Wei in JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC), Vol. 105, N° 3 (05-06/2021)  

[article]  inJOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS & CHEMISTS (JSLTC) > Vol. 105, N° 3 (05-06/2021) . - p. 159-165 Titre : A new way to treat chrome leather shavings : collagen degradation product as cement retarder Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Bangquan Wei, Auteur ; Xiaoliang Ding, Auteur ; Zhihua Shan, Auteur Année de publication : 2021 Article en page(s) : p. 159-165 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Analyse thermique Caractérisation Collagène -- Détérioration Cuirs et peaux -- Déchets -- Recyclage Diffractométrie de rayons X Matériaux cimentaires -- Additifs Produits de dégradation du collagène Retardateur de ciment Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : Chrome leather shavings generated in leather making have always been a difficult to handle handle solid waste. Inspired by a protein-based gypsum retarder, a collagen degradation product (CDP) obtained from chrome leather shavings has been developed as a Portland cement retarder. The effect of CDP on the setting, strength, crystal morphology, and hydration process of cement were investigated. The results showed that after adding CDP, the setting time of cement was effectively prolonged. 0.1% CDP could delay the initial setting time from 150 minutes to 300 minutes and final setting time from 200 minutes to 370 minutes. SEM observation revealed that the cement crystals changed from needle-like to massive clusters with the addition of CDP. Furthermore, TG/DSC and XRD analysis showed that the addition of CDP inhibited the hydration process of cement reactants (alite and belite) and the formation of hydration product (Ca(OH)2). This study provides not only new ideas for the research of cement retarders but also a new method for treating waste leather shavings. Note : Alite and belite are phases in portland cement based materials. Alite is impure tricalcium silicate (C3S) and belite is impure dicalcium silicate (C2S). Although both are calcium silicates, alite reacts much more quickly than belite when mixed with water. Note de contenu : - EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES : Materials - Characterisation of CDP - Retarding effect of CDP - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION : The composition of CDP - Analysis of strength - Analysis of crystal morphology - Analysis of X-ray diffraction - Analysis of DSC/TG - Table 1 : The chemical components of cement - Table 2 : The composition of CDP - Table 3 : Molecular weight of CDP En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1FX5VUhHnkKgH4deScuAg3LNTTpB3RYsH/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=35836 [article]

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