The effect of rheological properties of experimental moisturizing creams/lotions on their efficacy and perceptual attributes / S. Wang in INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE, Vol. 21, N° 3 (06/1999)  

[article]  inINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE > Vol. 21, N° 3 (06/1999) . - p. 167–188 Titre : The effect of rheological properties of experimental moisturizing creams/lotions on their efficacy and perceptual attributes Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : S. Wang, Auteur ; M. S. Kislalioglu, Auteur ; M. Breuer, Auteur Année de publication : 1999 Article en page(s) : p. 167–188 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Cosmétiques Peau -- Soins et hygiène Polymères Produits hydratants Rhéologie Index. décimale : 668.5 Parfums et cosmétiques Résumé : Although anecdotal evidence suggests that the rheology of creams and lotions might affect their moisturizing efficacy and perceptual qualities, to date no systematic investigation of these effects has been carried out. We prepared 12 prototype moisturizing creams that had identical overall formulae but differed in as far as they contained three different polymers (Carbopol 981, Carbopol 5984 and Permulen TR.-2) each at four concentration levels. Using these creams, we carried out two series of experiments. In the first series, we applied pre-determined quantities of creams to defined areas of skin on the forearms of eight panelists and then measured the subsequent changes in Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL) and Skin Capacitance (SC) values as a function of time. In the second series, the panelists were asked to spread and rub over their entire two hands as much of the creams as they deemed necessary for achieving satisfactory perceived moisturization. In this latter series, we also weighed the amounts of cream used and measured the TEWL and SC values at several skin sites as a function of time subsequent to the cream application. The panelists also scored 14 skin attributes for each of the 12 creams used. The same procedures were also carried out with a commercial skin moisturizing cream (Keri®) that was used as a control. In separate laboratory experiments, the rheological properties (i.e. the elastic and viscous moduli) of the various creams at a number of frequencies were measured. The analysis of the experimental results suggested that the overall rheology of creams had little direct effect on both, the moisturizing efficacy and the perceived perceptual attributes. Neither did the overall viscoelasticity or the esthetic attributes of the preparations seem to affect the amounts of creams/lotions that the panelists judged to be necessary for achieving satisfactory perceived hand moisturization. Although all preparations contained the same occlusive material (oil) at identical concentration, nevertheless some of the preparations appeared to show different efficacies depending on the nature and the levels of the polymeric ingredient present. DOI : 10.1046/j.1467-2494.1999.203162.x En ligne : https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1467-2494.1999.203162.x Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=26489 [article]

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The effect of temperature and mechanical action on salt uptake during brine curing of cattlehides / David G. Bailey in JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA), Vol. LXXXV (Année 1990)  

[article]  inJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION (JALCA) > Vol. LXXXV (Année 1990) . - p. 455-464 Titre : The effect of temperature and mechanical action on salt uptake during brine curing of cattlehides Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : David G. Bailey, Auteur ; Robert G. Koeppen, Auteur ; S. Wang, Auteur Année de publication : 1990 Article en page(s) : p. 455-464 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Américain (ame) Index. décimale : 675 Technologie du cuir et de la fourrure Résumé : The effect of temperature on penetration of salt was measured at 36°, 50°, 60° and 80°F. The rate of uptake of salt by samples of cattlehide in saturated brine decreases as the temperature of the brine decreased. Continuous mechanical movement of the hide samples in brine increased the rate of salt uptake compared to static immersion. Data from salt-saturation measurements of more than 50000 commercially processed hides were examined. It was found that more than 75% of the cattlehides cured during the winter months in the colder regions of the country had unsatisfactory levels of salt saturation. En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HAA-boHQWTzMBFIOhVROmxW3lmeenyeD/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=8823 [article]

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Viscoplastic material modeling for the stretch blow molding simulation / S. Wang in INTERNATIONAL POLYMER PROCESSING, Vol. XV, N° 2 (06/2000)  

[article]  inINTERNATIONAL POLYMER PROCESSING > Vol. XV, N° 2 (06/2000) . - p. 166-175 Titre : Viscoplastic material modeling for the stretch blow molding simulation Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : S. Wang, Auteur ; A. Makinouchi, Auteur ; M. Okamoto, Auteur ; T. Kotaka, Auteur ; M. Maeshima, Auteur ; N. Ibe, Auteur ; Takaharu Nakagawa, Auteur Année de publication : 2000 Article en page(s) : p. 166-175 Note générale : Bibliogr. Langues : Anglais (eng) Index. décimale : 668.9 Polymères Résumé : In this paper, the viscoplastic material model of PET (polyethylene terephthalate), which is intended to be used in the FEM (finite element method) simulation of stretch blow molding process, has been studied. Material tests of PET were performed with the constant strain rates varying from 0.01 to 1 (1/s), at temperatures ranging from 90 to 150°C, based on the obtained data a two-stage model was proposed. The proposed model could precisely take into account the effects of strain hardening, strain rate sensitivity, variation of the hardening index, and temperature dependency. This model has been implemented into the nonlinear finite element code PBLOW3D, which is developed in the Riken, and its performance in the stretch blow molding simulation has been studied. It has been demonstrated that the proposed material model provides significant improvements, compared with two existing material models, in the simulation of the blow molding process of PET bottles. Note de contenu : - Material test and material modeling - Experiment - Initial conditions for FEM Simulation - Comparison in the stretching process - Comparison in the stretch blow molding process DOI : 10.3139/217.1582 En ligne : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1eMEtbbsK8W_u6p68vhjkFpdWA9ZpIEDT/view?usp=drive [...] Format de la ressource électronique : Pdf Permalink : https://e-campus.itech.fr/pmb/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=16055 [article]

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